Abstract: Information is now abundant so has it been polluted, thus this paper looked at how professional news production could be redefined to stay away from purveyors of misinformation but a safe space in this era. In order to achieve this, we examined three areas where information could be misappropriated through existing literature namely: headlines, online news editors and gatekeepers. We point out that headlines play a pivotal role in the information ecosystem where they can mislead the audience. This is done through the usage of catchy phrases to grab the attention of the audience. Further, we found out from the exciting research that some online news editors do not adhere to certain ethical standards and so they publish stories without verifying the veracity of the story. We noted that politicians have infiltrated the media space which has had a major negative impact on how the editor chooses his stories. The paper recommends that headlines should not only be written for the clickbait but they should be written so as not to mislead the audience while there should also be a limit on how political figures can influence the media agenda. Lastly, people who do not have a background in journalism to know the ethical implications of their news stories should be coached by an experienced journalist which would help minimise the information pollution we face today in this era of the internet and social media.

Keywords: News production, new media, information pollution, misinformation, digital technology, agenda-settings, clickbait, headlines, Nigeria, gatekeeping

References:
Klinenberg, E. (2005). Convergence: News production in a digital age. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 597(1), 48-64.
The Federal Republic of Nigerian constitution (1999). Retrieved from http://www.nigeria-law.org/ ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm on 5th April 2021.
Amnesty International (2019). Nigeria: Human Rights Agenda. Retrieved from https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1168876/download on 5th April 2021
Schiffrin, A. (2017). Disinformation and democracy: The internet transformed protest but did not improve democracy. Journal of International Affairs, 71(1), 117-126.
Kuiken, J., Schuth, A., Spitters, M., & Marx, M. (2017). Effective headlines of newspaper articles in a digital environment. Digital Journalism, 5(10), 1300-1314.
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Ecker, U. K., Lewandowsky, S., Chang, E. P., & Pillai, R. (2

Abstract: Risk perception research conducted over the past twenty years has revealed that risk perception is characterized by a dual process in which rational-analytic thinking is preceded by and, ultimately, shaped by experiential-affective response. Neuroscience research has further shown that all decision-making processes are based on an integration of affective and analytic responses. Perceiving and, more importantly, acting to mitigate risks is based on an individual’s visualization of the consequences of his or her action. People react to temporally distant risks only on the basis of their current experience, which allows them to visualize these risks. In risks with which there is no experience, such as the risks from global climate change, there is little to generate affective response and, as a result, risk perception is typically inadequate. A solution to the problem of perception of temporally distant environmental risks emerges when we understand that risk perception requires engagement of the experiential response system and that this system translates reality into images, metaphors, and, ultimately, narratives. The arts, including literature, the performing arts, visual arts, etc. are humanity’s primary means for creating affective meaning in both the present and future. This paper describes how the arts can explore and, therefore, discover the future, driving a process of effective risk perception and response to temporally distant environmental risks.

Keywords: Arts, science, technology, Science, technology, society, Arts and risk perception, Risk perception, Arts in risk communcation, Science communication, Risk communication, affect and decisionmaking, decisionmaking, risk and decisionmaking

References:
Alaszewski, A. (2005). 'Risk communication: identifying the context of social context'. Health, Risk & Society 7 (2), pp. 101-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698570500148905
Beattie, G., Sale, L., McGuire, L. (2011). 'An inconvenient truth? But our film doesn’t really touch the climate change? Semiotica 187, pp. 105-125. https://doi.org/10.1515/semi.2011.066
Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., Damasio, AR (1997). 'Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy'. Science 275 (5304), pp. 1293-1295. doi: 10.1126 / science.275.5304.1293
Betsch, C., Haase, N., Renkewitz, F., Schmid, P. (2015). 'The narrative bias revisited: What drives the biasing? Judgment and Decision Making 10 (3), pp. 241-264.
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Bochner, AP, Ellis, C. (2003). "As an aster." Qualitative Inquiry 9 (4), pp. 506-514. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800403254394
Bord, RJ, Fischer, A., O'Connor, RE (1998). 'Global percepti

Abstract: The subject of this research is the effect of Internet-based social networks upon the emergence, dynamics, and specificity of the process of protest mobilization. The object of this research is the mass mobilization during the course of revolutionary processes and massive antigovernment campaigns. The author examines the possibilities of political mobilization through the social networks in Russia based on the conducted research of user behavior of the popular Russian social network VK. A special attention is given to the problem of spontaneous occurrences of mass protests, as well as the modern dynamics of the events of “Arab Spring” and appearance of the “Occupy” movement within the context of political science. The empirical part of the research is conducting using the descriptive method and statistical analysis of media behavior of the VK users. The theoretical analysis relies on the results of modern research in the field of media and communication studies, social movements, and conflict politics. The main conclusions of this research is firstly, affirmation of limited influence of the social network VK upon involvement of the youth into a mass protest in Russia; secondly, the general supplemental role of the social networks into the process of protest mobilization in the cases of typical political conflicts. On the other hand, the conducted analysis allows us to substantiate the possibility of a quality influence of social networks upon the dynamics of mass protests in the case of emergence of exceptional events that are transgressive for public consciousness, where the “new media” instruments are able to rapidly synchronize local demands, change their scale, and involve broad social groups into the message of protest and the culture of social opposition. The novelty of this research consists in refutation of the thesis of exceptionally high influence of social networks onto the forming of mass protest the ideal-political perceptions within youth. Alternatively, the results of this analysis allow defining the future directions of research on the causes and dynamic characteristics of the mass protests.

Keywords: protest, mobilization, information, social networks, VK, youth, social movements, conflict politics, Arab Spring, revolution

References:
Nikiforov A. A.. Vozmozhnosti i ogranicheniya protestnoi mobilizatsii cherez sotsial’nye seti // Pravo i politika. — 2014. — № 12. — S. 104–107. DOI: 10.7256/1811–9018.2014.12.1396

Abstract: The tourism makes possible the opportunity for the direct cultural interaction between the human different groups in the form of the host and tourist in the environment by the name of “Destination”. In fact the tourists and the host communities experience temporarily a kind of the common citizenship life beside each other. They live together while learning each other\\’s culture. They notice existent differences and common things at their cultures and values however they learn to respect each other\\’s rules, norms and customs. The present paper strives to study briefly the characteristics of globalized world and world citizenship while emphasizing the exclusive role and importance of tourism industry as an appropriate tool and opportunity for learning the needed skills and applied teachings for the world citizens.

Keywords: the globalized world, tourism, education, the World Citizenship, destination, globalization, culture, citizenship life, social activities, society.

References:
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Fathi and Ejargah, Korosh and Gholam Hossein Aalayi, (2009), “World Citizen Training”, efficient schools, second year, educational year 2008 – 2009, number 4 (Continuously 8), 27 – 31.
Gee, Chak. Vay, (2003), “Tourism in Comprehensive Look”, Translated by Parsiyan, A. and Aarabi, S.M. Cultural Research’s Office, Tehran.
Ghayedi, Y. (2006), “Future Citizen Training”, quarterly of educational innovations, number 17, fifth year, pp.183 – 210.
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Hoveida R. Naderi N., (2009), “The Surveying of Staff’s Organizational Citizenship Behavioral Level”, Executive Management Research Bulletin, 9th year, num