Abstract: Earlier it was reported that hypomagnetic conditions resulting from a 100-fold decrease in geomagnetic field induction affect human cognitive processes, which was evaluated in several computer tests. Exposure in hypomagnetic conditions for 40 minutes led to a statistically significant increase in both the execution time and the number of errors in the tasks. The magnitude of this magnetic effect, averaged over 40 healthy subjects in 80 hour experiments, was about 1.7 percent. This paper describes the results of a study in which the characteristics of the state of the right eye of each subject were recorded on video, while the subject performed cognitive tests. It turned out that under hypomagnetic conditions, the pupil size increases. This effect was calculated based on the processing of a large array of data, including more than a million video frames. The average magnetic effect was about 1.6 percent. Taking into account the heterogeneity, the significance level of the effect is close to significant (0.07, ANOVA, the subjects' factor is random). Magnetic reactions recorded both for different cognitive tests and for pupil size observed simultaneously do not correlate. Approximately equal numbers of testers showed positive and negative effects in each test. Non-specific reactions to the magnetic field appear to be random.

Keywords: non-specific magnetic effect, color perception test, Shepard test, Stroop test, reaction rate test, magnetic fields, human magnetic response, eye pupil size, hypomagnetic conditions, biological effects

Abstract: The subject of the study is frequency-dependent changes in the activity of blood enzymes of laboratory animals (rats) under the influence of modulated ultrasound of a therapeutic range of intensities. With equal-energy exposure to the enzyme systems under study, action spectra are shown for the following enzymes: creatine kinase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, cholinesterase, indicating the possibility of frequency control of the functional state of enzymes, activation and inhibition of enzyme activity at frequencies specific for each enzyme. The activity of all enzymes is controlled in two ways: a) by changing the frequency of the influencing signal and b) by changing the energy (or amplitude) of the influencing signal at the biologically active frequency. Obtaining detailed action spectra is a necessary condition for developing the theoretical basis for determining biologically active frequencies and mechanisms of frequency-dependent responses of specific biological systems to external influences of modulated waves. The main conclusions of the study are: The main approach to studying modulated waves is to obtain and use action spectra for various biological systems. Using exposure at an active frequency, it is possible, by changing the energy of the impacting ultrasound, to obtain multidirectional effects. Thus, both the modulation frequency and the impact energy can be factors in controlling the functional state of enzyme systems using modulated ultrasonic waves. The purpose of the article is to show the presence of frequency-dependent responses of various enzyme systems when exposed to modulated ultrasonic waves of a therapeutic range of intensities - performed using the example of five enzyme systems. The action spectra for these systems and the possibility of transforming these spectra when changing the ultrasound intensity are presented. The possibility of controlling the magnitude and sign of the responses of the studied enzyme systems, both the modulation frequency and the energy of ultrasonic influence, has been demonstrated.

Keywords: cholinesterase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, modulation frequency, blood enzymes, enzyme activity, modulation, ultrasound

Abstract: Currently, transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) is being intensively developed as a new non-invasive method of neuromodulation. A convenient model for demonstrating ultrasonic neuromodulation is the nervous system of fish. Experiments have been carried out on Goldfishes. We have recorded general swimming reaction and turning reaction of fishes in the special chamber which bottom had been divided into sectors. We observed decrease of general swimming reaction and turning reaction after influence of continuous ultrasonic waves of therapeutic intensities (f = 0.88 MHz), when intensity was more than 0.7 W/cm2, and increase of these responses at intensities less than 0.1 W/cm2. Application of modulated ultrasonic fields as an acting factor produced changes of activity of fishes dependent on a modulating frequency. The action spectra have been received using an amplitude modulation (AM) of low frequency. This spectra reflect the work of the whole brain (tests of change of a general swimming reaction of fishes), and the work of identified Mauthner’s neuron, that is responsible for turning response of fishes. The action spectrum for Mauthner’s neuron is more expressed and contains three kinds of frequencies by the action on fishes activity: frequency of activation (8 Hz), partially depressing (6, 10 Hz) and neutral (3, 7, 9 Hz). Spectra are received at equienergy action АМ of ultrasonic sound irrespective of a modulating frequency (porosity = 2) and spatial average and temporal average intensities of 0.35 W/cm2. From an action spectrum we can conclude, that on one modulating frequency effects of a carrier frequency are relaxed, and on others strengthen. This approach can find application in ultrasonic therapy when it is necessary to make ultrasonic action more effective and to decrease potential hazard of action due to the cavity action.

Keywords: activation, turning response, motor activity, frequency modulation, neuromodulation, Mauthner neuron, action spectrum, modulation, ultrasound, suppression

Abstract: One of the main reasons why the existence of the effect of the influence of space weather on living organisms has caused skepticism among representatives of academic science for many years is the insufficient, according to the criteria of modern physics, the stability of the reproduction of the heliobiological effect. Signs of instability are the strong variability of the characteristics of the results obtained: amplitude, time lag, and even the sign of the effect. The paper formulates and substantiates the hypothesis that this instability is primarily due to methodological reasons: existing approaches, traditional for physics and biology of the XX century, are poorly suited for the study of a complex multilevel system of solar-biospheric connections. Using concrete examples, it is shown that new methodological principles, both already included in heliobiological research in the last 10 years, and newly formulated in this work, can significantly reduce the percentage of unexplained non-reproducible results. It is shown that it is necessary to take into account such specific features of the heliobiological effect as the individual nature of the reaction to space weather, the dependence of the effect on the phase of the cycle of solar and geomagnetic activity and on the sampling scale of experimental data, taking into account the possible contribution of meteorological factors, as well as the existence of different types of response of the biological system at different time scales.

Keywords: heliobiological effect, rhythmic biospheric processes, solar activity, geomagnetic field, heart rate meteosensitivity, cardiovascular system, human magnetosensitivity, heliobiology, space weather, solar-biospheric connections

Abstract: This article discusses the main achievements in recent years in the study of the biological effects of weak and super weak low-frequency magnetic fields, either variable or combined with constant ones. Considered are neutrophil granulocytes activated by chemical stimulants or intact when the magnetic fields affect isolated cells, blood, and whole organisms. The methods include recording changes in ROS concentration levels (the most noticeable effect of exposure to a weak magnetic field), priming index, calcium homeostasis, proliferative activity, immune status, and the influence of various chemical agents on these indicators. The leading methods in this field are fluorescence spectrometry and chemiluminescence analysis. The experimental results indicate the biological effectiveness of this physical factor, the specific effect of which depends on the type of biosystem, its functional status, the environment, and the parameters of the fields themselves. The data obtained can have applied significance in magnetotherapy, immune response optimization in various diseases, acceleration of tissue regeneration and repair, and increasing the body's resistance to infections. They also can have academic significance as they help identify the primary field acceptors and magnetic targets and their localization in the cell, study relationships with signal cascades, build models of biological signal amplification pathways, and find biologically significant frequencies and field amplitudes.

Keywords: calcium homeostasis, respiratory burst, NADPH oxidase, neutrophils, reactive oxygen species, free radicals, combined magnetic fields, weak magnetic fields, alternating magnetic fields, chemiluminescence

Abstract: The review discusses the microscopic mechanisms of the action of weak magnetic fields on organisms. Magnetobiology distinguishes between magnetoreception, i.e., the effect of a magnetic field on specialized receptors, and a nonspecific response that develops without such receptors. The nonspecific effects of weak magnetic fields are highly general and universal: they occur in all organisms. Often these effects are disguised as the result of the action of uncontrolled random factors, appear as an increased scatter of measurements, and accompanied by low reproducibility. The nature of nonspecific magnetic effects, as is shown in this review, is related to the quantum dynamics of the magnetic moments of electrons, magnetic nuclei, and, possibly, rotations of molecular groups. Among the most substantiated is the spin-chemical mechanism, first of all. Its known low sensitivity to weak magnetic fields can be increased by including spin-correlated radical pairs in the enzymes that catalyze biopolymer processes, e.g., ribosomal ones. We show that research on the effects of significantly weakened magnetic fields compared with the geomagnetic field on cellular processes has prospects for various practical applications. The mechanisms proposed to explain nonspecific effects, but turned out to be untenable, are listed.

Keywords: radical pair mechanism, spin chemistry, kT problem, molecular mechanism, nonspecific effect, random effect, hypomagnetic field, weak magnetic field, magnetobiology, quantum effect

Abstract: The following article, offered to the reader in Russian translation, was written by a famous English scientist, Professor Peter Hore coordinates research abroad in the field of spin-chemical mechanisms, which are believed to underlie the ability of some animal species to navigate in the Earth’s magnetic field and use the geomagnetic landscape in seasonal migrations. P. Hore, a Fellow of the Royal Society, is a British chemist. He is a Professor of Chemistry at the University of Oxford and fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. P. Hore is the author of many research articles and textbooks, primarily in the area of NMR, EPR, spin chemistry, and magnetoreception during bird migration. Original article in English is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License, which permits copying and redistribution of the article or any adaptations for non-commercial purposes. This translation is an unofficial adaptation of an article that appeared in an ACS publication. ACS has not endorsed the content of this adaptation or the context of its use. The translation into Russian has been made by V. Binhi in accordance with the terms of the License and is as literal as possible.

Keywords: magnetoreception, retina, spin chemistry, cryptochrome, magnetic compass, DNA repair, photolyase, magnetobiology, quantum biology, radical pair mechanism