Abstract: The article examines the evolution of profiling as a field of scientific knowledge and practical activity. The article analyzes the transformation of profiling from a highly specialized method in criminology to a comprehensive tool for analyzing behavior in the field of security and the need to revise and unify the terminology base of profiling. The integrated nature of profiling, its applied orientation and risk-oriented approach are investigated. An analysis of the contribution of key researchers to the development of the discipline is presented. The history of the development of the scientific and methodological base of profiling and scientific views characteristic of various periods of its development are considered. Various approaches to the definition of profiling in criminology, public safety, business and politics are considered. Separate methods used in various fields of profiling application and having a significant impact on its terminological content are considered. The methodology includes a historical analysis of the process of transformation of the discipline since its inception, the study of the contribution of key researchers, the study of various approaches to the definition of profiling in criminology, business and politics, a review of the most significant works on the topic of the article, as well as archival documents. The article examines in detail previously little-known works of foreign scientists, as well as archival documents. Based on a comprehensive comparative analysis, a new universal definition of profiling is proposed, reflecting its modern essence and the versatility of its application in the fields of criminology, public security, political psychology, intelligence and business. Each component of the proposed definition is justified, taking into account the scientific and methodological base of profiling and the established practice of its application. The gaps in the previously formulated definitions of profiling that do not correspond to the approaches available in foreign and domestic science are considered. In addition, the historical periods of profiling development with their characteristic approaches are highlighted. A number of terms are proposed and a conclusion is made about the need for further conceptualization of profiling as a complex discipline with a wide range of applications.

Keywords: integrated method, psychobiographical reconstruction, evolution of profiling, business profiling, mass profiling, political profiling, behavioral analysis, defining profiling, profiling, risk-oriented approach

Abstract: Critical information infrastructure (CII), including the financial sector, plays a key role in ensuring the sustainable functioning of economic systems and the financial stability of States. However, the growing digitalization of the financial industry and the introduction of innovative technologies are opening up new attack vectors for attackers. Modern cyber attacks are becoming more sophisticated, and traditional defenses are proving ineffective against new, previously unknown threats. There is an urgent need for more flexible and intelligent cybersecurity systems. Thus, the subject of the study is modern intelligent methods and technologies for protecting critical information infrastructure (CII) from cyber attacks. The object of the research is methods and means of ensuring the protection of critical information infrastructure using artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies. The methodological basis of this study is a comprehensive analysis of the scientific literature on the use of intelligent methods and technologies to protect critical information infrastructure. During the review and critical analysis of relevant scientific publications, key problems and unresolved tasks requiring further scientific research and practical developments in this subject area were identified. This methodological approach allowed us to form a holistic view of the current state and prospects for the development of intelligent cybersecurity tools for critical financial systems, as well as to identify priority areas for further research. The main directions of scientific novelty of this research are: 1. A detailed review of promising approaches based on artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies to ensure effective protection of CII organizations from modern complex cyber attacks. 2. Identification and analysis of a number of key scientific and technical problems that need to be solved to increase reliability, interpretability and trust in intelligent cybersecurity systems, including issues of robustness to attacks, active online learning, federated and differential private data processing. 3. Identification of promising areas for further research and development in the field of application of specialized methods of secure and trusted AI to protect critical financial infrastructure. Thus, this research makes a significant contribution to the development of scientific and methodological apparatus and practical solutions for the use of intelligent methods to ensure cybersecurity.

Keywords: DDoS attacks, intelligent methods, neural networks, cyber attacks, cybersecurity, deep learning, machine learning, information security, artificial intelligence, Critical information infrastructure

Abstract: The subject of the study was the theoretical, legal and applied aspects of the prosecutor's office's participation in the field of countering extremism. In the course of the study, strategic planning documents, regulatory legal acts and empirical materials were studied, including: a) The Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, Government resolutions, organizational and administrative documents of the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation on the participation of the Prosecutor's Office in the field of countering extremist activity; b) materials of the supervisory and other functional activities of the prosecutor's office available to the author's team concerning the subject of the study; c) statistical forms containing information on the state of crime related to encroachments on the national interests of the Russian Federation, as well as data on the results of the activities of the prosecutor's office to ensure the national security of the Russian Federation. The consideration of theoretical and applied aspects of the prosecutor's office's participation in countering extremist activities was carried out on the basis of a general scientific dialectical method of cognition of legal and social phenomena related to extremism. Other private and special techniques and methods were also used: formal-legal, structural-functional, systemic, statistical. The study also used a set of methods of criminology and prosecutorial supervision. The main conclusions are concluded in the definition of the main theoretical, legal and applied aspects of the activities of the prosecutor's office in the field of countering extremist activities. Reviewed and analyzed: theoretical approaches to determining the place of the prosecutor's office in the system of countering extremism in the Russian Federation; specifics of the legal regulation of the prosecutor's office in the system of countering extremism in the Russian Federation; identification of the main applied aspects of the prosecutor's office's participation in the implementation of anti-extremist activities.

Keywords: public authorities, powers of the Prosecutor's Office, coordination, corruption, extremist crime, National security, prevention of extremism, The Prosecutor's Office, prevention of extremist activities, extremism

Abstract: The article examines the history of socialist building in the Soviet Union through the prism of the political leaders’ search for a solution to the problem of designing a new innovation mechanism. The object of the study is the technological security of the USSR, and the subject of the study is the system of motivation for inventions in the situation of a transitional society. The author focuses on the role of various hybrid constructs – for example, «socialist patriotism» – in the formation of such mechanism. Particular attention is paid to the ideological aspects of technological security, namely, the attempts of the country's leaders to combine the doctrins of Marxism with practical steps to create a socialist mechanism for ensuring scientific and technological sovereignty. In the article, the author explains the reason for the Bolshevik leadership’s rejection of the ideas of internationalism by the need to use elements of “patriotic” motivation to intensify technological progress. In the study, the author used an institutional analysis of the development of the Soviet scientific and technological sector in the context of explaining the connections of science with other elements of the social mechanism of the USSR. The novelty of the study lies in identifying the ideological aspects of the state technological security system. The author’s special contribution to the study is in revealing the paradox between the internal structure of the Soviet innovation mechanism and the conflictual coexistence of the socialist and capitalist systems. The main conclusions of the study are the author’s statements about the inconsistency of the policy of the USSR leaders in the field of innovation management and the forced usage of state coercion instruments within the framework of prison-type scientific organizations to overcome the paradoxes of the development of the scientific sector.

Keywords: exploitation, motivation, socialism, Marxism, secutity, science, Patriotism, inventions, innovations, common labor

Abstract: In the early stages of combat operations, the multi-colored coloring of the uniform served, along with other elements of visualization of the situation, to visually distinguish friendly troops from enemy troops, to separate troops by type and purpose, and not to ensure the secrecy of troops. The issue of camouflage of military equipment and structures, at this stage, has not yet been raised. With the increase in the range and accuracy of weapons, with the advent of automatic weapons, the field military uniform gradually lost the function of identification and acquired the function of camouflage. At first it was a monochromatic khaki coloring, which provides an imitation camouflage function, then a camouflage coloring that adds deforming properties to it. With the advent of military equipment on the battlefield, it had to be painted as well. And later, with the advent of reconnaissance and combat aviation, and other types of long-range weapons, it was necessary to ensure the secrecy of not only the objects of the battlefield, but also the objects of the rear. The article considers the history of the development of methods for increasing the secrecy of personnel through the use of protective coloring of uniforms and equipment. Other aspects of the application of methods for increasing stealth in the optical and other ranges, as well as their development in recent history, are also briefly touched upon.

Keywords: imitation camouflage function, commercial camouflage, camouflage is in fashion, history of disguise, army camouflage, protective coloration, ensuring secrecy, camouflage, deforming camouflage function, military style