Abstract: The article covers the problems related to the target- setting feature of voting rights as the measure of their efficiency. Based on the critical analysis of the existing laws and regulations, it is concluded that despite a great role which the target-setting process plays in theory and practice, there is not enough attention being paid at this issue in the legal environment. In particular, Russian legislation does not have a mandatory requirement to legislate the target of legal regulation when making a law. Further, there is no common approach to referring to target-setting in documents that are enclosed to a draft law in the process of exercising the right to legislative initiative. Analyzing the real elections, we can acknowledge that in the course of law enforcement a whole range of targets is being defined and it is not always possible to mark out the main, socially important purpose. Legal regulation can reach the highest level of efficiency only when the main target of a regulatory act is being achieved. Noteworthy that interests of particular holders of voting rights that appear in the process of target achieving do not necessarily match the target and sometimes even oppose to it. A typical mistake in the course of enforcing voting rights is to set out the incorrect determination of their main target and substitute for the priority target with the secondary target as result of the ‘conflict’ of targets. In this regard, it is necessary to fix relevant targets in regulatory acts.

Keywords: Law studies, elections, purpose, efficiency, rule, constitution, candidate, law, conception, criteria/measure.

Abstract: The article analyzes the institute of public property and the problem of its identification in the Russian and foreign doctrines. The article also summarizes the main differences in approaches applied. The author examines the correlation between the categories of ‘res publicae ’ and ‘public domain’ and offers a new classification of public property.

Keywords: Law studies, public, property, ownership, state, municipal, public domain, res publiae, material items.

Abstract: The article is devoted to analyzing the content of the term ‘state administration’ from the point of view of administrative law and the theory of state administration. Taking into account significant differences in various interpretations of this term, it is necessary to find a compromise between researches in both sciences in order to put forth combined efforts towards solving the most important problems in the sphere of state administration. The author also views the question about the relation between state administration and corporate activities within the framework of state apparatus.

Keywords: Law studies, state, administration, theory, science, contents, administrative, lw, category, term.

Abstract: The article is devoted to legal regulation of activities performed by autonomous establishments. The author offers a new classification of regulatory documents that consists of the six levels of regulation. This classification allows to describe the hierarchy of existing regulatory acts and law enforcement documents regulating activities of autonomous establishment. The article presents an opinion that the right of establishments to independently dispose their income received as a result of profit activities is naturally referred to the right of economic management. Autonomous establishments possess even a broader right to independent disposal. Pursuant to provisions of the Federal law on autonomous establishments, establishments can freely dispose any property or assets bought on their income except for the assets bought on the funds allocated for task performance. State-financed organizations are limited in their right to dispose immovable property. The article considers differences between this Federal law and regulations provided by Article 298 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Interpretation of legislative provisions about autonomous establishments should be performed disregarding the interpretation of such provisions in the previous version of the law. Pursuant to Article 120 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the Federal law on autonomous establishments sets forth peculiarities of autonomous establishments ’ legal status and therefore their legal capacity.

Keywords: Law studies, autonomous establishment, legal regulation, legal capacity, income, expenses, property, property rights, profit organizations, non-profit organizations.

Abstract: The article presents a model of migration policy in Italy coordinated by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Italy and including state, municipal and various social structures. The author underlines the advantages of the Italian approach to migration issues as well as shows disadvantages of the Italian migration system such as a high level of bureaucratization of identification procedures as well as granting a residence permit and different permissions. The author offers a number of recommendations on how to apply Italian experience to Russian migration policy, in particular, efficient arrangement of relations between a coordinating body and involved state structures and regional and local authorities. It is also stated that there is a certain need in formation of a unified information base which would include all information about an immigrant from the date of his crossing the border to his registration at place of residence, paying taxes and social fees and etc.

Keywords: Law studies, Italian legislation, Integration Agreement, political administration, Migration policy, prefecture, coordination, questor, patronage, integration.

Abstract: Under modern conditions special attention is paid to the problem of preservation of ethno-cultural peculiarities as one of the most important mechanisms of implementation of national life principles. This is especially important for the globalization era which, on the one hand, intensifies the universal tendencies and, on the other hand, demands an overall development and preservation of the national uniqueness as an essential condition of success of the globalization project. In this regard, the right to cultural identity is gaining even more importance and this right should belong not only to an individual (as a part of human rights) but also a collective society (as a right of a particular nation).

Keywords: Law studies, ethno-national interests, national ambitions, globalization, post-modernism, cultural relativism, unification of cultures, universalism, right to cultural identity, right to self-identity.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the place and role of state authority under conditions of transformations of modern society related to geopolitical transformations. The main attention is being paid at the positive and negative aspects of globalization. The author also underlines the values of the political system and processes of their modification nowadays. The author of the article also shares her own views on transformation of the state authority phenomenon as a part of political law paradigm.

Keywords: Law studies, globalization, power, integration, values, state, law, economics, geo-politics, transformation.

Abstract: The article is devoted to enforcing administrative responsibility for violations in the sphere of cultural heritage preservation by the means of the Russian Federation constituents ’ legal acts. Based on the analysis of a wide range of legal resources, the author makes a conclusion about invasion of the regional law-maker into the competence of federal authorities. Constituents’ administrative laws often set out administrative responsibility for violating rules and regulations described by federal legal acts. Preventive acts of regional laws often either contradict to federal regulations or copy them. Due to adopting the Federal law of May 7, 2013 on changes in the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation which shall come into force already in August 2013, there shall be serious transformations and changes in administrative delictual legislation of the Russian Federation constituents.

Keywords: Law studies, cultural heritage resources, historical and cultural memorials, items of historical and cultural meaning, administrative offence, administrative responsibility, administrative fines, set of elements of an administrative offence, wrongful actions, administrative procedure.

Abstract: The article studies theoretical and legislative problems of motivation of judicial decisions in the Ukraine. Based on the analysis of the Ukrainian procedural legislation, theoretical researches on the matter and case law of the European Court of Human Rights, the author proves that motivation of judicial decisions along with their legality and justification is one of the important requirements for the quality of judicial decisions. Observation of this requirement shows that the judicial procedure in general and the process of determination of actual circumstances of a case are just and fair. It has also been established that motivation of a judicial act also relates to description of motives as a result of thinking activity based on which the court has made certain decisions. It is stated that except for the Code of Criminal Procedure, Ukrainian court legislation does not have the legal enforcement of an independent demand to provide motivation of judicial decisions. In this respect, the author offers to make certain changes in the procedural legislation of the Ukraine except for the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Ukraine which already has all necessary provisions.

Keywords: Law studies, law enforcement, requirement, legality, justification, motivation, decision, practice, legislation, court.

Abstract: The given article touches upon aspects of one of the most topical problems of the legal system development. Reinforcement of legal order based on the imperative legal principles is the key to stability and secure future for all humankind. The article presents the results of studying the effect of political and legal constitutional and international principles of national security. Besides the main imperative principles, the author also views special principles typical only for the sphere of security protection. The latter includes the principle of indivisibility of international world and security, disarmament principle, principle of equal security, principle of undiminished security for other countries and the principle of prohibition of war propaganda. The article presents a legal analysis of the problems of correlating these principles in the sphere of national security protection, in particular, principles of territorial wholeness and the right of nations to self-identity and etc. The author also describes the method of application of all viewed political and legal principles as their combination.

Keywords: International security, security protection, national security, legal principles, constitutional principles, international principles, regional security, security of states, intrastate conß icts, international conß icts.

Abstract: The present article is devoted to a burning question about responsibility for using force as a part of the institution of responsibility in international law. Over half a century the problem of responsibility has been one of the least regulated branches of law because it is closely connected with such debatable legal aspects as the problem of state sovereignty and the issues of the legitimate and non-legitimate use of force in international law. The author analyzes the grounds of such responsibility, the definition of guilt and views of different researchers on the problem of responsibility in general. It can be assumed that the problem of coding the question about responsibility can further create the problem of realization of such responsibility because this institution is at the intersection of law and politics. State responsibility for using force should be always discussed and underlined by the academic society because the development of the institution of responsibility would allow to establish order in modern international relations and reduce the frequency of illegal use of force. It would also denote the beginning of a new stage in international law development.

Keywords: Law studies, responsibility, force, right, institution, codification, state, guilt, branch, project.

Abstract: The article answers the question about the criteria for defining the amount of compensation for moral damage caused as a result of environment offence. This is a topical issue because the Russian legislation has a whole range of criteria for defining the amount of compensation for moral damage. At the same time, special features of moral damage caused as a result of environment offence allow us to define additional criteria for defining the amount of moral damaged caused as a result of environmental offence.

Keywords: Law studies, offence, damage, suffering, amount, criteria, law, environment, court, compensation.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the grounds of positive law from the point of view of religious morals as well as the question about the relation between the idea of human rights in the basis of the concept of legal reformation of modern Russian statehood and traditional values of the Russian civilization. Christian tradition and experience of Eastern Christian statehood, historical experience of the Byzantium Empire, Russia and other countries of the Orthodox East show that the existence of a state institution proves itself only when it serves a certain ideal. The author further studies the proof of value of law in a legal tradition of Christianity. Special attention is paid at the historical experience of the Byzantium state. The author analyzes the Byzantium conception of the ‘symphony of powers’. The article studies modern problems of the ‘multicultural ’ society of the Western Europe. Special attention is focused on the need to combine the idea of human rights and moral values as well as a need to address to historical experience of the Russian state again.

Keywords: tradition, value, idea, religion, Orthodoxy, state, law, conception, world view, ideology.

Abstract: The article studies and analyzes the main problems related to stimulated and fraudulent deals. In particular, it discusses the procedure for acknowledging certain deals as stimulated or fraudulent, a number of parties who can apply for a deal to be acknowledged as invalid based on its stimulated or fraudulent nature as well as the action limitation for stimulated and fraudulent deals. It is stated that the circumstances proving the nullity of stimulated or fraudulent deals should be viewed and confirmed by judicial process. At the present time, the tax authorities’ right to add taxes by non-judicial means can be considered to be a direct infringement of a taxpayer’s right and tax authorities can take an advantage of it by considering certain deals to be stimulated or fraudulent. Moreover, it is suggested that the action limitation period should start on the day when a claimant learns or is supposed to learn about arising of certain circumstances that create grounds for considering deals to be void.

Keywords: Fraudulent deal, stimulated deal, contestability of a deal, void deal, legal process, action limitation, concerned parties, application of consequences, legal qualification, public law.

Abstract: The present article is devoted to searching the legal solution of the problem when there is a conß ict of a claim of the owner who does not have living quarters and a claim of a bona fide purchaser who owns these living quarters, from the point of view of the law supremacy principle. Legal regulation of the questions of recovery of living quarters from a bona fide purchaser must comply with the three elements of the law supremacy principle: requirement of legal certainty, requirement of legal efficiency and requirement of observing the balance of interests. The research shows that the process of vindication of living quarters from a bona fide purchaser does not comply with the aforesaid requirements. Thus, there is a need in formulating the assessment criteria for withdrawal of living quarters from possession. The author also offers a new method of protecting violated rights of a ‘bona fide purchaser’ and non-owner. In order to apply the law supremacy principle in vindication, the author makes certain suggestions on what changes are needed to be made in civil and housing legislation as well as amendments to Article 302 of the Civil Cod of the Russian Federation.

Keywords: Law studies, recovery, vindication, living, quarter, owner, supremacy, property, bona fide, purchaser.

Abstract: The author of the article analyzes the results of discussing the German reform of criminal-environmental legislation conducted in Berlin as a part of the conference on the problems of implementation of the 45th Law on changes and amendments to the Criminal Code of Germany. Lately lawmakers of many countries try to consider new tendencies and make certain changes in regulatory acts related to criminal and administrative responsibility for violation of the environmental law. The brightest example is the Directive 2008/99/EU about the protection of environment by the criminal law as if November 19, 2008. The Directive contains not only a signi ficant number of provisions to be taken into account by the law-makers of the EU member states during a two-year period but also justification of adopted decisions. The Directive was implemented by German law-makers when they adopted their 45th Law on changes and amendments to the Criminal Code of Germany as well as federal laws about environmental protection, hunting and waste products.

Keywords: crime, punishment, criminal environmental law, sanction, reform, directive, law, negative inß uence, environment, attempt.