Abstract: The article analyzes various schemes, models and variants of the origin of the Slavic tribe for their admissibility, taking into account the accumulated data and materials available to researchers (archaeological, anthropological, written), as well as for the systemic inclusion of these schemes and variants in the broader context of the ethnogenesis of other dialect groups of the Indo-European language family. The main goal is to determine the most consistent model of Slavic ethnogenesis, which would allow to restore the earliest stages of history up to the moment of separation of the Slavs from the Slavic-Baltic-Germanic group of Indo-Europeans. The work uses a dialectical method and a multi-stage retrospective method of analyzing archaeological data. The scientific novelty of the work is the comparative historical analysis of paleogenetics data, which was not previously used in the Slavonic discourse. In the course of the study, the following results were achieved: two possible lines of Slavic ethnogenesis (Vistula and Pomeranian) were identified, the Carpathian line of development was completely rejected. During the analysis of each of the two branches, it was found that both converge at a single historical point - the Greater Poland-Mazowiecka group of the corded ceramics culture, which is considered as the earliest archaeological equivalent of the Slavic tribe. An essential methodological principle of the study of the early history of Slavs is postulated – autochthonicity as the ability to preserve linguistic identity despite external (primarily Celtic) cultural influences.

Keywords: Kultura grobów kloszowych, Pomorze, Aunjetitzer Kultur, Celts, Lusatian culture, Corded ceramics culture, mitochondrial haplogroups, Slavs, Indo - Europeans, nordic type

Abstract: The author examines the evolutionary development of ideas about the casual interpretation of legal norms. The subject of the study is the legal understanding of casual interpretation in the process of formation of state and legal institutions. The object of the research is scientific publications, monographs, textbooks, treatises and other historical sources containing conceptual information on hermeneutics, legal interpretation and, in particular, on the casual interpretation of legal norms. The purpose of the research is to reveal the paradigms of the emergence and causes of the transformation of views on the casual interpretation of the legal text. The coverage of the present issue determines the initial appeal to the origins of the formation of the hermeneutical methodology itself. The author focuses on such aspects of the subject as the initial object of hermeneutics; its main historical variations; the close connection between the emergence of hermeneutical ideas with the gradual transformation of society and its forms of organization; the problem of establishing criteria for the implementation of true interpretation. The methodological basis of the work consists in the application of a historical, logical, comparative and systematic approach. The result of the research is expressed in the establishment of dominant events that are significant for the formation of the concept of the casual interpretation of legal norms at various stages of the historical development of society. The novelty of the research is predetermined by an innovative view of the formation of the hermeneutics in the context of the development of legal casuistry and legal understanding of individual life situations. The author notes that the emergence of hermeneutical methodology most vividly correlates with the desire of the subject of law to use various interpretations of emerging incidents, including legal ones. The improvement of methods of interpretation of dreams, predictions, signs, and subsequently words and text led to the emergence and doctrinal formulation of the concept of casual interpretation of normative prescriptions. In conclusion, the author summarizes that today there is a similar general theoretical understanding of the casual interpretation of the norms of law as an independent type of interpretation.

Keywords: evolution of the interpretation of law, the legal situation, The hermeneutical circle, legal understanding of the legal norm, historiography, the incident, casuistry, casual interpretation, legal interpretation, Hermeneutics

Abstract: The subject of the study is a unique stage in the development of domestic tourism – the first decades of Soviet power. Tourist and excursion activities in 1918–1941 became a new form of leisure organization for Soviet citizens. But, if until the mid-1920s there were no clear ideas about the tasks of tourist and excursion activities, then with the beginning of industrialization and collectivization, there is a clear understanding of the need to subordinate tourism and excursions to specific tasks of socialist construction. In the article, the authors address the topic of the development of tourist and excursion work in the Nizhny Novgorod region. Since the activities of regional tourist and excursion organizations can be studied only by working with the funds of local archives, the authors, based on documents from the Central Archive of the Nizhny Novgorod Region and the State Socio-Political Archive of the Nizhny Novgorod region, show the process of formation and development of this field of activity in the region. The methodology of the work is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity, as well as a systematic approach that allows a comprehensive examination of the subject under study. The conducted research showed that the period of the revolution and the civil war caused serious damage to the sphere of tourist and excursion activities. Most of the hotel companies were out of circulation, the rest needed urgent repairs and inventory updates. Another problem was the acute shortage of professionally trained personnel, since previous workers either emigrated abroad during the civil war, or died, or were not suitable for ideological reasons. There were also difficulties with the selection of senior staff. This led to the fact that the quality of tourist and excursion services provided at that time did not match the stated price. There were complaints not only from Soviet citizens, but also from foreign tourists, which negatively affected the country's international prestige. In order to improve the situation, new hotels are being built, so in Gorky in the 1930s three hotels were built: Volna, Intourist and Rossiya. Courses are organized for the training of guides and interpreters. New tourist routes are being developed.

Keywords: training of personnel, foreign tourists, Management of Volga routes, Nizhniy Novgorod, hotel, excursions, tourism, the Soviet government, Nizhny Novgorod excursion base, tourist routes

Abstract: The paper presents an analysis of the interpretation of ancient rock carvings located on the territory of the Chita region (Trans-Baikal Territory). The subject of the study is an attempt to give a cultural interpretation to the rock paintings. In the course of the research, the author gives a brief description of the rock art monuments of the Chita region and the history of their study. The main problem faced by the author is the lack of full-fledged data, since comprehensive archaeological studies have not been carried out on the dismantled monuments. In the course of the work, the author applies a descriptive method, the correlation method (comparative method), using the archaeological and ethnographic data available today. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the author for the first time gives a cultural interpretation to the rock carvings of the Chita region. The author presumably dates the rock carvings of the analyzed region to the Neolithic era-the Bronze (III-I thousand BC). In conclusion, it is noted that a certain part of the ancient compositions has a connection with the culture of tile graves, to the communities of people who lived in this territory in ancient times in the forest and forest-steppe areas, as well as to the early representatives of the Tunguska ethnos. Most of the plots, according to the author, have magical and cult significance, which is confirmed by the presence of images such as shamans. The author concludes that the rock carvings represent an immense body of knowledge about the beliefs and rituals of the ancient peoples of Siberia and the Far East. In total, nine petroglyphic monuments have been noted: Palaces, Echoes, petroglyphs on Titovskaya Hill (Sokhatiny Kamen, Gorge, Sukhotino-13), Arachley, Kolochnoye and Smolenskiye rocks.

Keywords: Anthropomorphic images, Writings, Rock art, Mazin, Okladnikov, Eastern Transbaikalia, Trans-Baikal Territory, Zoomorphic images, Titovskaya hill, Chita

Abstract: The article analyzes the multi-stage process of developing and implementing the project of the monument to Catherine II in Yekaterinodar from the perspective of the concept of historical culture. The focus of the research is on the political attitudes laid down by the official authorities in the approved sculptural composition, and the ideas of the Kuban Cossacks about their past, seen by them in a monumental image. The paper examines the peculiarities of the ceremonies on the occasion of the laying (1896) and the opening (1907) of the monument. Special attention is paid to the historical context, which formed a unique socio-political and cultural climate during the creation of the Yekaterinodar monument. The degree of reliability of the presented scientific results is due to the source base, primarily materials from the funds of the State Archive of the Krasnodar Territory and the local newspaper "Kuban Regional Vedomosti".   The principles of scientific objectivity and historicism are at the heart of the development of this research area. The leading research methods include historical-genetic, historical-cultural and historical-systemic. The identity approach opens up new opportunities for interdisciplinary research. The novelty of the work is determined by the unexplored commemorative practices of the Kuban Cossacks from the perspective of the concept of historical culture. An analysis of archival documents and materials from the local press showed that the ceremonies on the occasion of the laying and opening of the monument to Catherine II combined elements traditional for pre–revolutionary celebrations – religious and military rituals. It is concluded that in the monument designed by M. O. Mikeshin and brought to life by B. V. Eduards, the Kuban Cossacks saw the idea of their continuity with the Cossacks and a demonstration of their rights to the lands between the Black and Azov Seas. The government, in the conditions of the revolutionary crisis of 1905-1907, pursued a specific political task – through the majestic image of the Empress to remind the Cossacks of their duty to faithfully serve the Throne.

Keywords: the ceremony of laying the monument, interpreting the collective past, Boris Eduards, Mikhail Mikeshin, monument to Catherine II, Kuban Cossacks, monumental commemoration, historical culture, the opening ceremony of the monument, historical context