Abstract: The solution of the problem of access to theories of an epistemological disjunctivism proposed by Duncan Pritchard who claims is stated and analyzed that in paradigmatic cases of perception the agent knows that p, owing to the rational bases for his opinion that p which are at the same time available reflections and factual, that is with need attract existence of the fact, p. The problem of access consists that acquisition of knowledge about belonging to the outside world (that is empirical) the fact by means of only one reflection (that is a priori) is impossible. This problem, however, in the theory of an epistemological disjunctivism is illusory. It is offered to treat an epistemological problem (any, and not just perceptual) knowledge in close connection with a problem of an explanatory failure in consciousness philosophy which in turn can be treated in terms of a Wittgenstein problem of following to the rule. In case of knowledge "failure" between the rational bases for opinion and the fact (knowledge) is closed pragmatically, or phenomenologically in a broad sense. In this sense any knowledge, and not just knowledge perceptual, has phenomenological measurement. Classical definition of knowledge as reasonable true opinion remains provided that justification assumes the rootedness in the fact, that is is justification original (full). The knowledge can also be defined as "successful opinion".

Keywords: externalism, internalism, problem of access, rational reasoning, perceptive knowledge, perceptive experience, epistemological disjunctivism, explanatory gap, following the rule, pragmatism

Abstract: For all years of judgment of a problem of creativity of people faces a number of problems: who acts as the subject of creativity, is creativity conscious process, or originates in the unconscious; from where the person scoops resources for creativity; what criteria of an assessment of creative process, whether creativity and if it is possible how is possible to measure? In article it is about a role of logical and intuitive aspects in the course of creating scientific work on the example of classical science. In this article the author uses the following methods of research: comparative and historical analysis, analogy, classification, generalization, synthesis. In article it is shown that in the course of scientific creativity logiko-rational and intuitive aspects mutually supplementing each other form uniform harmonous system. And if by means of logical tools the scientist accumulates and develops knowledge that allows to make continuous and uniform motion to certain results, thanks to intuition and the intellectual sensitivity accompanying it there is a transfer of information in area realized, the interpretation of images promoting specification and justification of the theory in general; break as a result of the saved-up experience/knowledge.

Keywords: artwork, unconscious, insight, scientific discovery, rationality, logic, intuition, scientific work, efficiency, accumulated knowledge

Abstract: Object of research of this work is the history of the Frankfurt school in aspect of its attitude towards treatments of public processes and critical system approach. The subjects and approaches of school united round the general aspiration to mobilize the potential of critical consideration of the settled socio-political dogmas are investigated, calling in question authoritative lines of the modern world and specifying ways of their transformation by means of "not authoritative and nonbureaucratic policy". Problems of management, the organization and use of system methods in the organizational analysis are investigated. The following is distinguished from them: (a) dialectics of an era of Education; (b) one-dimensionality and consumerism of the developed capitalist societies; (c) criticism of a technocracy; (d) communication actions. The technique is based on research of critical approach of the Frankfurt school, in particular Yu. Habermasa and his critic of technical and practical knowledge, and their applicability to system management. In work the short history of emergence and development of the Frankfurt school is stated, and also is shown that modern system theories of management, in particular such as gentle system approach and critical (emansipatsionny) system approach in - much grow from J. Habermas's theory about various types of knowledge, and his critics of a modern technocracy.

Keywords: critical system approach, subtle system approach, Jurgen Habermas, rationality, dialectics of Enlightenment, technocracy, communicative action, critical philosophy, Frankfurt school, one-dimensionality

Abstract: In article the historical and comparative analysis of a problem of values in philosophy of neokantian philosopher G. Rickert and the populist P. L. Lavrov is given. Value of valuable approach for development of methodology of social and humanitarian knowledge by G. Rickert is shown. Specifics of interpretation of neokantian gnoseology are opened by P. Lavrov. The conclusion that in Lavrov's philosophy value carries out not only gnoseological, but also social function is drawn. The problem of a subjective method is analysed. The conclusion that the subjective method at Lavrov acted not only as a learning tool of social reality, but also as a way of updating of social activity of the personality, a way of updating of practical transformation of social reality is drawn. Principle of historicism, principle of the historical and comparative analysis are applied. Method of dialectic unity historical and logical, abstract and concrete. Hermeneutical methodology, method of the hermeneutic circle are also used. Thus, if Rickert offered a system of values, or reference to value acts as methodological criterion for classification of single historical events, Lavrov offered a system of values not only gnoseological category, but also methodological criterion of "creativity of public forms", practical change of social reality.Lavrov's position differs in a pronounced antropologism and a personalism. The person brings the purpose and the sense constructed on values in society. The person, thus, influences the world, will transform it on a basis developed by it systems of values. Everything depends on the person, system of values which he develops, the world which it will transform on the basis of the values developed by it.

Keywords: Neo-Kantianism, Narodnichestvo, value-based approach, idiographic sciences, subjective method, historical law, culture, critically thinking personality, creativity of social forms, practical transformation

Abstract: The purpose of the author is consideration through a prism of distinction of knowledge and understanding of special spheres of human communication where professional strategy (technologies), social hierarchies (status and role dispositions) and the thinnest aspects of actually interpersonal relations are bound. To understand means to be able to generate (to open) meanings of forms of culture and human communication in an alloy of understading and experience, cognitive and strong-willed, setting discourses and contexts. To know means to own socially and personally intelligent experience, conceptually and almost fixed, to possess skill of work with meanings that also assumes existence of the limits and borders. Methods: comparative and analytical and structural and descriptive, existential hermeneutial and phenomenological methods. Analogies, oppositions, interpretations, idealization and other methodological techniques are also used What do to know and to understand people mean? What gives us experience of daily occurrence and, for example, psychiatric work? So the questions posed in the second part of article leads to a conclusion about the need for social and humanitarian researches of the holistic vision of a phenomenon of the person that is possible at synthesis explanatory and hermeneutic practices. 

Keywords: knowledge, understanding, meaning, human, humanitarian knowledge, psychiatry, subject, object, ill person, self-reflection