Abstract: Soon it will be 40 years since the date of death of an American literary critic and essay writer Lionel Trilling (105 — 1975). His literary and philosophical ideas are analyzed and studied by the author of the article. Lionel Trilling’s works have been quite popular in America. His discussions on TV got him most of his fame. His discussions appealed to so called ‘intellectuals’ but not the mainstream audience. While many USA writers were absorbed in mysticism, Lionel Trilling emphasizes the need for further development and enrichment of the practice of rationalism. The author of the present article uses the method of reconstructing the life story of a critic. He also uses the methods of comparative analysis and metaphysical reflection and adopts the techniques of axiological measurement of human being. The novelty of this research article is the following: this article is the first one in Russian scientific literature to acquaint the readers with Lionel Trilling and his essays on literature an society such as ‘The Liberal Imagination’ (1950), ‘The Opposing Self’ (1955), ‘A Gathering of Fugitives’ (1956), ‘Beyond Culture’ (165) and others.

Keywords: philology, philosophy, liberalism, society, mind, belief, rationalism, consciousness, utopia, nihilism.

Abstract: The author of the article offers to divide all approaches to studying diegetic actors into the two large groups, hermeneutical and structuralistic approaches. The separate subgroup of hermeneutic approaches related to psychoanalysis and its branches is specially specified. The author describes the history of development and topical issues of the theory of diergetic actors. He analyzes approaches offered by Lev Vygotsky, Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Daniel Rancour-Laferriere, Karl Leonhard, Vadim Rudnev and other researchers. The author criticizes the naïvehermeneutic approach that has been preventing researchers from recognizing diegetic actors as a true subject of research. The author uses historical, hermeneutic, semiotic and structure-typological methods as well as combinatory analysis, functional analysis and structural analysis. The author demonstrates that structuralistic approaches have important limitations and prove to be efficient only when combined with certain hermeneutical procedures. Thus, further studies of diegetic actors are associated with overcoming the gap between structuralistic and hermeneutic approaches by creating a unified structural-hermeneutic method based on the complementarity principle.

Keywords: philology, diegetic actor, hermeneutics, character, psychoanalysis of literature, structuralism, structure analysis, personality, artistic discourse, logic.

Abstract: The subject matter of this research article is the moral nature of man and the principles of moral destruction during life crises. The destruction of spiritual constant is accompanied with the fear experienced by man in response to the deformation of his world view. As a result, all kinds of hallucinations may occur. The central images of these hallucinations are imps, devils and demons coming from fairy-tale folklore and fiction. At the same time, the author of the present article shows that the devilish beginning of man is, in fact, the creation of his own consciousness. In his research the author uses a combination of approaches that includes methods of historical, philosophical, psychological, literary and music analysis. This article presents a research of the phenomenon of combined divine and devilish beginnings of man. In this regard, the author focuses on man’s conscience as a guide to the divine as well as devilish features separating us from the divine. After reviewing different interpretations of the image of devil, the author concludes that all these images reflect human nature and therefore man’s ‘specific’ features such as super-villainy and hostile acts against God, provoking and punitive activity, mystification and deceit, criticism and wickedness. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the level of neuroticism of the main hero who sees a devil, in other words, the problems of the phenomenon of insanity and the entire dialectics of the implicit and explicit meanings of the existence of the main hero interacting in his own consciousness.

Keywords: image, human, the divine and devilish, evil, devil, demon, Satan, Lucifer and Ahriman, conscience and morals, conception.

Abstract: The subject matter of this research article is the philosophical and anthropological aspects of Alexander Chizhevsky’s poetic writing. Based on the analysis of Alexander Chizhevsky’s poems, the author of the article states that metaphysical ideas represented by Chizhevsky are generally quite typical for Russian cosmism. Consequently, philosophical and anthropological plots pervading Chizhevsky’s poetry are viewed mainly (but not solely) in terms of the above mentioned branch of philosophy. Special attention is paid at the idea of the closest relation between the micro- and macro cosmos and the mission of people to unite for the ‘common goal’ (Fedorov’s expression) of governing the world. In her research the author uses such methods as the analysis of literature, comparison, analysis, synthesis, generalization, analogy and the hermeneutic method. The scientific novelty of the research is the appeal to philosophical and anthropological aspects of Chizhevsky’s poetry accompanying with the author’s attempt to view Chizhevsky’s poetry as a part of a certain cultural theory as well as the clear description of the main philosophical ideas about human expressed by the follower of cosmism in his poems. The main conclusion of the research is that Alexander Chizhevsky’s poetry can actually offer quite unique solutions of a number of existential problems and therefore discusses quite topical issues.

Keywords: Chizhevsky, poetry, philosophical anthropology, Russian cosmism, cosmicality of human, holism, active evolution, ‘common goal’, mind, human dimensions of cognition.

Abstract: The main concepts presented by Daniil Andreev in his works are viewed in terms of the co-creativity of Russian organicists and cosmists as the branch of philosophy that reflects special features of the Russian mind in the better and most comprehensive way. Noteworthy that the historically ‘younger’ age of the Russian culture compared to the ‘older’ East and West caused the main singularity of our mentality including the unity, universal values and the civic consciousness of the Russian spirit. The results of the research undertaken by the author shows that Daniil Andreev’s creativity is a completely new level of the development of Russian cosmism under the tragic conditions of the Russian history in the second half of XXth century. The research is based on the hermeneutic analysis of Daniil Andreev’s texts as well as works written by Russian organicists and cosmists between XVIIIth and XIXth centuries and during the first half of XXth century. Effective analysis tools used by the author are based on the principles of dialectical methodology including the principles of selfdevelopment, self-contradictoriness, general reference, determinism and unity of the world. The author also describes the genesis of the Russian cosmism as the result of organicism and special features of the Russian mentality. She also describes the main principles including the principles of the generality of life, integrity, active approach to the integrated natural and social body, naturality, harmony and antinomicity of existence and cogitation. These principles create the theory and methods of finding the alternative to apocalypse between self-destruction and revival of the mankind at a completely new level of existence. The results of research allow to define necessary and sufficient conditions for implementation of the aforesaid alternative. These conditions are discussed in religious, philosophical and scientific branches of Russian cosmism as well as at the new level developed by Daniil Andreev.

Keywords: Russian mind, Russian organicism, Russian cosmism, the principle of the generality of life, the principle of integrity, the principle of naturality, the principle of the active approach, the principle of harmony, the principle of antinomicity, alternative to apocalypse.

Abstract: A German poet Friedrich Holderlin (1770 — 1843) knew Hegel very well. There is quite a reasonable opinion that the poet had a great impact on the philosopher and his metaphysical views. This opinion is also supported by the fact that Holderlin was quite philosophical in his creative writings and was especially attracted to the ideas introduced by the ancient philosophers. This is particularly reflected in his drama ‘Empedocles’ and a whole range of lyric verses. For the poet Hellas was not only the great culture but also the object of admiration as well as metaphysical and poetic interpretation. Hellas seemed a true Paradise too Holderlin and therefore he described it in the spirit of pantheism. Holderlin’s philosophical pathos also showed itself in his sarcastic criticism of German triviality and philistinism. Hegel fancied the poet a lot. By using the historical method, the author of the present article tries to carry out the phenomenological reconstruction of the relations between the poet and the philosopher. The author uses not only documents but also the method of ‘allowable imagination’ to imagine the details o their meetings and friendship. The novelty of this approach is that the author states that it was not only Holderlin who influenced Hegel and his views. According to the author, Hegel also managed to sparkle the heart of the poet by discussing philosophical topics with him which was eventually reflected in the poet’s creative work. This side of the topic is viewed for the first time in scientific literature.

Keywords: philosophy, poetry, system, ideas, fantasies, metaphysics, Platonism, beauty, esthetics, literature.

Abstract: The subject matter of this research article is the evolution of views of a famous theorist of symbolism Ellis (Lev Kobylinsky) during the most active period (1904–1914) of the most respected Russian literary movement at the beginning of XXth century. Being an ‘Argonaut’ and having quite close relations with Andrei Bely, Emily Metner, Vyacheslav Ivanov and some relations with Alexander Blok, Ellis had very singular personal qualities and demonstrated drastic shifts in his intellectual, philosophical and religious views. That was the reason of his unique marginality. It also caused the Russian elite to feel rather indifferent towards Ellis’ life and creative work. However, marginality always represents extreme conditions that reflect the most typical features of the historical epoch. Therefore it is not only useful but necessary to study the literary heritage left by Ellis. As the author of the article sees it, the most natural method for analyzing Elis’ legacy is the study of his creative work from a certain perspective that would allow to define the most challenging and the most important moments in the biography of the Russian symbolist. Such a perspective can be Ellis’ interest in Dante. Over the decade Ellis had been reviewing and developing his attitude and views on Dante. As a result, Ellis created the cardiogram of ‘swings’ as Andrei Bely called it. On his way to understanding the medieval poet, Ellis dipped into the atmosphere of Soloviev’s philosophy of love, Rosenkreuz mystic dreams and Steiner’s theosophy. Ellis viewed his path to understanding Dante as the ‘path of faith’ and always found the reasons to explain his subjective but profound perception of the author of The Divine Comedy. Ellis changed but never betrayed himself. That was the most intriguing feature of the Russian symbolist. Andrei Bely described it postfactum in his article ‘Why I became a symbolist’.

Keywords: symbolism, Argonaut, marginality, from the point of view of Dante’s studies, Ellis’ ‘swings’, Soloviev’s philosophy of love, Rosicrucianism, theosophy, ‘the path of faith’, intrigue, biography, theorist of symbolism.

Abstract: The subject matter of this research article is the conceptual grounds and creative ideas of a French impressionist Ablert-Charles Lebourg, the follower of the so called ‘Rouen School’ of French impressionism who did landscapes. Impressionism in art and other forms of art presented the new paradigm of European culture depicting the creator and his activity in the artwork. Philosophy of impressionism shown in Albert-Charles Lebour’s creative work is reflected not only in his creative ideas but also in a special painting technique that visualizes the process of creating the art image by the artist. The article presents the results of the philosophical and cultural analysis of Albert-Charles Lebour’s three masterpieces. The authors of the article describe how Lebour’s creative thinking related to the basic philosophical ideas representing the paradigm shift in culture. The main method of research is the philosophical and cultural analysis developed by D. Pivovarny, V. Zhukovsky and tested in a number of scientific works published by N. Koptseva, A. Semenova, K. Reznikova and other researchers. The authors also carried out the conceptual analysis and used the elements of historical and philosophical research. 1. The authors offers a hypothesis that impressionism was the first European branch of art and intellectual tradition to demonstrate the new paradigm that overcame the different between the internal and external realities. 2. The authors provides the description of the three paintings of a great French impressionist Albert-Charles Lebourg’ in terms of art history. These paintings include: ‘The Snow in the Auvergne’, ‘Two Boats in Rouen Sun’ and ‘Banks of Siene’. The authors define the basic creative ideas of the artist reflected in these three paintings. 3. The authors reveal the profound conceptual bond between the aforesaid three paintings by Albert-Charles Lebour, on one hand, and between Buddhism and psychologism in art as cultural concepts of European intellectual lie before the First World War. The authors show that impressionistic landscapes painted by the artist construct and convey powerful visual impressions modeling not only the visual reality but the entire psychophysical reality.

Keywords: philosophy of art, cultural research, art research, impressionism, Albert-Charles Lebourg, Rouen School, artistic thinking, visual thinking, Ernst Mach, philosophical and cultural analysis.

Abstract: The article offers the analysis of Jean-Paul Sartre’s book ‘Saint Genet, Actor and Martyr’ constituting the first volume of the Complete Works of Genet. In his book Sartre does not only express his admiration for Genet’s prose works but also demonstrates his own style and method of philosophy connecting the phenomenological tradition from Descartes to Husserl and Heidegger completed with the liberal addition from Freud’s psychoanalysis and revisionist Marxism. Based on Sartre, genius is not a gift but a way to survive invented by human in critical situations.

Keywords: philology, Jean Genet, Sartre, existentialism, phenomenology, psychoanalysis, action, freedom, morals, ‘Self’ and the Other.

Abstract: The author of the article offers a complete analysis of creative work by a great Russian poet Boris Pasternak. The author of the article appeals not only to Pasternak’s poetry but also touches upon his novel “Doctor Zhivago”. The purpose of the article is to describe special features of Boris Pasternak’s poetic style. At the same time, the author of the article tries to define the phenomenological and metaphysical meaning of Pasternak’s creative work by analyzing Pasternak’s style. When analyzing Boris Pasternak’s works, the author of the article uses the historical method that allows to describe the social environment where the poet lived and created his works. The author also uses the phenomenological method to demonstrate in what terms the poet thought. The novelty of the approach is that the author describes the connection between Boris Pasternak’s poetry and the culture, demands and intellectual resources of those times. The author of the article shows that the poet’s position was rather autonomous and independent.

Keywords: philology, the life world integral, success of existence, true origin of culture, spiritual mean, moral revolution, immortality, many-meaning accuracy, sinn-ism.