Reference:
Kaverina V.V., Kong F..
The spelling of adverbs formed from ordinal numbers in the 18th-19th centuries
// Litera.
2025. № 5.
P. 423-432.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2025.5.74242 EDN: RFELIN URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=74242
Abstract:
The subject of the study is the writing of adverbs formed from ordinal numerals in the Russian language during the 18th–19th centuries, focusing on their hyphenated, linked, and separate forms. The object of the research is Russian orthography of the 18th–19th centuries in its historical development, as represented in dictionaries, grammars, and texts from the subcorpus of the National Corpus of the Russian Language. Special attention is paid to identifying the factors that influenced changes in spelling norms, primarily addressing the question of why the hyphenated form of the studied adverbs became established. A detailed analysis is provided of the first rule for the spelling of adverbs formed from ordinal numerals in the 18th–19th centuries, as formulated in N.I. Grech's grammar of 1827. Compliance with this rule has been checked in the usage represented in texts from the 18th–19th-century subcorpus of the National Corpus of the Russian Language. The study was conducted using the following methods and approaches: semantic and contextual analysis methods, an inductive method of material analysis, a linguistic and cultural analysis method, as well as methods of targeted sampling from lexicographic sources and illustrative materials, extralinguistic interpretation of language facts, and frequency-statistical characterization. The novelty of the study lies in the investigation of the establishment of the hyphenated form of adverbs formed from ordinal numerals over time during the 18th–19th centuries. A significant contribution by the authors to the development of the topic is a diachronic description of the main stages of the formation of the orthographic norm for these words. Based on the materials from the texts of the subcorpus of the National Corpus of the Russian Language and dictionaries, it was concluded that the number of hyphenated spellings of the specified group of adverbs gradually increases. After a prolonged period of variability in the second half of the 19th century, a fairly stable usage emerged, implying a semi-linked form for adverbs formed from ordinal numerals. The increase in hyphenated spellings, alongside a noticeable decrease in linked forms, cannot be explained by the grammatical process of adverbialization, as many adverbs were already being written as linked at that time. The choice of a semi-linked form is evidently determined by the significant degree of semantic separation of the base in such formations.
Keywords:
codification, variability, hyphenated spellings, solid spellings, morpheme criterion, morphological criterion, numeral, adverb, diachrony, orthographic usage
Reference:
Zumire E..
The Problem of Word-Formation Motivation for '-ing'-Derived Verbs in Contemporary Russian
// Litera.
2025. № 5.
P. 433-443.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2025.5.74432 EDN: RDRZEA URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=74432
Abstract:
The article examines verbal derivatives formed from borrowed nouns with the -ing suffix in contemporary Russian. These verbs appear in the spoken and written discourse of professionals engaged in economics, sports, digital technologies, internet games, and others. Being lexically tied to the realities of particular professional fields, these verbs do not become commonly used, and only a few of them develop figurative meanings. The work presents a comprehensive analysis of derivatives, demonstrating the high productivity of this type of verb, including their prefixed forms. The research focuses on two crucial derivational patterns: The [N-ing + -ova-] model, where verbal semantics are motivated by borrowed nouns denoting processes, actions, or activities; The [substantive stem + -ingova-] model, where verbal semantics derive from nouns indicating instruments or agents. The study is based on corpus analysis: at the first stage, a dictionary of verbs found in the National Corpus of the Russian Language (NCRL) and internet resources was compiled. For each verb, a connection with the producing noun in Russian was established. Additionally, a comparative method is employed in this research. Recently, there has been significant interest in modern linguistic science regarding the formation of foreign suffixes, particularly in the word formation of nouns with the suffix -ing; however, no special study has yet been conducted dedicated to "ing" verbs. Unlike nouns, "ing" verbs indicate that the English action noun has not only entered the Russian word formation system as a neologism but has also been fully integrated into Russian grammar. Based on lexicographical sources, the National Corpus of the Russian Language, and internet texts, it is shown that the studied "ing" verbs form a new productive word-formation type that enriches professional vocabulary. In contrast to the Russian language, which demonstrates successful integration of foreign elements into its own derivational system, the Chinese language uses the suffix -ing as an unchangeable marker of a borrowed lexeme that allows for mixed graphics.
Keywords:
terminological apparatus, semantics, derivatives, word formation process, word formation models, verb neologisms, suff. -ing, nominal verbs, borrowing, Anglicisms
Reference:
Stenko I.A., Volkova N.S., Stenko A.I..
Immersive VR-Technologies in Teaching Business English on the Example of RUDN University named after Patrice Lumumba: Current State and Prospects
// Litera.
2025. № 5.
P. 444-456.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2025.5.73820 EDN: REJOLS URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=73820
Abstract:
Relevance of the article is determined by modern trends in linguistic science and practice, within which the effective development of professionally oriented language competencies is increasingly associated with the need to create a learning environment that is as realistic as possible. Purpose of the study is to analyze the methodological toolkit accumulated to date at RUDN University named after Patrice Lumumba in introducing immersive virtual reality technologies into the process of teaching Business English, as well as to identify on this basis optimal teaching models that contribute to the development of key professional skills and abilities of students. Object of the study is the field of teaching foreign languages, including the use of various modern technological solutions. Subject of the research focuses on training modules and educational methodological complexes of professionally oriented English, elaborated in the specialized structural unit of RUDN (Virtual Reality Laboratory), based on immersive VR technologies (a total of 66 specialized programs for students of various profiles - engineers, ecologists, economists and lawyers, specialists in the hospitality and restaurant business). The study used general scientific and special methods: generalization and classification, deduction and induction, analysis of administrative-regulatory and methodological documents. Practical significance of the article lies in providing other Russian universities planning to introduce immersive virtual reality technologies into programs for teaching English in the business sphere, the opportunity to use the relevant materials and developments of RUDN. Scientific novelty of the study lies in the results of a survey-questionnaire of students regarding both their overall assessment of the VR courses in business English currently operating at RUDN and the degree of influence of this kind of methodological innovations on the effectiveness of the educational process. The study identified optimal models for using immersive environments in teaching English in business, aimed at developing students' language skills, as well as cognitive and communicative abilities. The results obtained will be useful for further study of the long-term impact of VR technologies on students' academic performance, their impact on health and psychophysiological state of students.
Keywords:
English as a foreign language, learning process acceleration, technological advancement, learning motivation, immersive technologies, foreign languages, modern teaching programs, virtual reality, digital education, professionally oriented learning
Reference:
Kukushkina O.V., Sun J..
Composition of negative emotions' naming in the Russian language
// Litera.
2025. № 4.
P. 144-156.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2025.4.73892 EDN: RLMMYO URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=73892
Abstract:
The subject of the study in the article is the composition of Russian lexemes naming negative emotions. For this purpose, the content of the concept of "negativity" is considered. Attention is drawn to the fact that when using it, it is necessary to distinguish between emotions that bring suffering to the subject and emotions that are negatively assessed by society and the object to which they are directed. In addition, the issue of objective criteria is discussed, on the basis of which it is possible to separate the names of emotions from emotive vocabulary of another type - from the designations of manifestations of emotions. As a result, following O. N. Lyashevskaya and E. V. Paducheva, it is proposed to use as the main criterion for the presence of the function of naming an emotion in a lexeme its stable combinability with the words to experience, to feel and feeling. The second part of the article presents the results of applying this criterion to the preliminary list of candidate words. In its compilation, the material of semantic dictionaries and the division into groups of emotions proposed by L. G. Babenko in the dictionary "Alphabet of Emotions" were used. The analysis was carried out based on the search for collocates in the Main Corpus of the National Corpus of the Russian Language. As a result, from the original list, which included lexemes denoting not only emotions, but also their manifestations (events, qualities, etc.), nouns were extracted that most often mean what native Russian speakers characterize as names of negative feelings. The results obtained are presented in the form of complete lists of nouns distributed among groups of negative emotions. In conclusion, it is concluded that the applied method allows to establish the lexical core of Russian names of negative emotions, as well as to establish the most lexically differentiated groups of such emotions in the Russian language. Such groups turned out to be GRIEF, SHAME and HOSTILITY.
Keywords:
analysis of lexical meaning, semantic groups, semantic dictionaries, corpus linguistics, collocates, combinability, negative emotions, names of emotions, category of emotiveness, comparison of languages
Reference:
Kaverina V.V., Hu C..
The spelling of compound adjectives with quantitative numerals in the first part in the XVIII–XIX centuries
// Litera.
2025. № 4.
P. 362-371.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2025.4.74208 EDN: EPGYDQ URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=74208
Abstract:
The subject of the research is the spelling of compound adjectives with a numeral as the first part in Russian writing of the 18th-19th centuries. The object of the research is Russian orthography of the 18th-19th centuries in its historical development, represented in grammars and texts from the subcorpus of the National Corpus of the Russian Language. Special attention is paid to identifying factors that influenced the change in spelling conventions. Variants of formations with and without the letter Ъ are examined. The only rule for the spelling of compound adjectives with a numeral as the first part in the 18th-19th centuries, formulated in A.Kh. Vostokov's grammar of 1831, is analyzed in detail. Compliance with this rule is checked in the usage represented in texts from the 18th-19th century subcorpus of the National Corpus of the Russian Language. Separate formations with a vowel and consonant at the beginning of the second part of compound adjectives are also considered. The study employs the following methods and techniques: methods of semantic and contextual analysis, inductive analysis of the material, methods of linguocultural analysis, as well as directed sampling from lexicographic sources and illustrative material, methods of extralinguistic interpretation of language facts, and methods of frequency-statistical characterization. The novelty of the research lies in the study of the establishment of the unified spelling of complex adjectives with quantitative numerals in the first part in diachrony over the 18th-19th centuries. A significant contribution of the authors to the development of the topic is the diachronic description of the main stages of the formation of the orthographic norm for these words. Based on the material of texts from the subcorpus of the National Corpus of the Russian Language and dictionaries, it was concluded that the unified form of compound adjectives of the specified group was already established in the 18th century. After a half-century period of variability in the second half of the 19th century, a fairly stable usage emerged under conditions of insufficient codification, which assumed the unified form of compound adjectives with a numeral as the first part. The rules of A.Kh. Vostokov's grammar are not followed in the part where hyphenated writing is recommended.
Keywords:
codification, variability, hyphenated writing, written as one word, morpheme criterion, morphological criterion, numeral, orthographic usage, compound adjectives, diachrony
Reference:
Koveshnikova A.V..
The specifics of using phraseological units in the artistic prose of V. Pelevin
// Litera.
2025. № 4.
P. 219-233.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2025.4.74186 EDN: MJYPGR URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=74186
Abstract:
The subject of this study is the techniques of individual-author transformation and construction of phraseological units. The object of this research is the language of the artistic prose of V. Pelevin. The aim of the study is to identify the specifics of the usage, transformation, and creation of authorial phraseological units in the artistic prose of V. Pelevin and to establish their relationship with the writer's idiolect. The article examines the transformations of phraseological units in the prose works of V. Pelevin and the stable combinations and expressions constructed by the writer as a characteristic feature of his idiolect. Special attention is given to studying the specifics of the phraseologisms created by the writer, which go beyond existing scientific classifications. The material for the study includes artistic works by V. Pelevin, covering the period from 2011 to 2024. The study employs methods of analysis, thematic classification, and systematization of linguistic material, contextual analysis, hermeneutic method, and descriptive-analytical method. The methodological framework consists of the works of V. V. Vinogradov, V. N. Telia, A. M. Melerovich, V. M. Mokiienko, N. A. Bozhko, and I. Yu. Tretyakova, dedicated to theoretical issues of transformation of phraseological units. As a result of the study, the specifics of the usage of phraseological units in the prose of V. Pelevin were identified. The main semantic and structural-semantic techniques of individual-author transformations of stable combinations and expressions were examined. It was established that the methods and techniques are more diverse and multifaceted than those in existing scientific classifications. Productive ways of constructing authorial stable combinations and expressions were identified. The main conclusion of the research is that individual-author transformations of phraseological units are a constitutive feature of V. Pelevin's idiolect. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the comprehensive examination and description of the techniques for transforming and creating authorial stable combinations and expressions, as well as the identification of phraseological transformations as one of the characteristic features of V. Pelevin's idiolect.
Keywords:
structural-semantic transformation, semantic transformation, phraseologisms, postmodernism, literary prose, V. Pelevin, idiolect, individual-author transformations, stable combinations, phraseological units
Reference:
Ekonomova A.D..
Lexical and semantic transformations in children's speech
// Litera.
2025. № 3.
P. 305-314.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2025.3.71156 EDN: UZJPYK URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=71156
Abstract:
The object of this study is the "Dictionary of modern children's language" edited by V.K. Kharchenko (4330 vocabulary units). The subject of this study is the units of children's speech (word forms) that coincide in phonetic design with normative ones, but have some deformations of lexical meaning. The research material consists of 167 dictionary entries. The result of the selection of linguistic units are innovations based on the following processes: expansion of meaning, narrowing of meaning, metaphorical transfer, metonymic transfer, antonymic substitutions, mixing of words of one thematic group. It is these innovations that correspond to the parameters set (and fundamental for the practical part of the work), namely: children's occasionalisms that have a deformation in the semantic aspect with full phonetic coincidence with a conventionally fixed word. The following methods were used in the work: analysis, comparison, interpretation of the results obtained. The main methods of analyzing the selected units were: comparison (the word in the occasional meaning of children's speech and the corresponding common word were compared) and seminal analysis (since comparison and description of identifying, differentiating and unifying semes form the basis of certain word connections). The novelty of the research lies in the creation of a classification of units of children's speech with lexical and semantic transformations based on the system connections of words. As a result of the study, the following results were obtained: 36% belong to the group "metaphorical transfer"; 38% belong to the group "thematic groups, synonymic series"; 32% belong to the group "generic relationships"; the rest (antonymic pairs, metonymy and paraphasia) – 6% of the total. The facts of violation of various systemic connections of words allow us to talk about unrealizable in "adult" speech, but potentially possible connections of lexical units. The hidden semantic valences are also evidenced by the bizarre associations that connect seemingly unrelated words in the child's mind. The system-functional approach, a look from the inside, allows us to talk about a different, but completely equal systematization of lexical units in relation to the "traditional" one.
Keywords:
antonymous pairs, generic connections, synonymous series, thematic groups, metaphorical transposition, semantics, lexicology, lexical-semantic transformations, children's language innovations, ontolinguistics
Reference:
Kharchenko M.A..
Intercultural Competence and Multiple Identities in the Context of English Language Use in an Institutional Setting
// Litera.
2025. № 2.
P. 464-474.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2025.2.73161 EDN: EPKYRA URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=73161
Abstract:
The aim of this study is to explore the connection between the cultural content of the English language as a means of international communication and the formation of the identity of its speakers within the context of intercultural interaction in institutional settings. The study proposes to rethink the perspective of using English, focusing not on communication with native speakers, but on developing skills for interaction in a multilingual environment. The practical significance of the research lies in its potential to promote the development of intercultural communication and improve interaction in multilingual and multicultural contexts, fostering better understanding and acceptance of diverse cultural identities in a globalized world. The study also emphasizes the importance of adapting educational programs aimed at preparing individuals for professional interaction in a culturally diverse environment, which is particularly relevant in an era of global interdependence. The scientific significance of the research lies in introducing a new concept of English cultural competence as a phenomenon that transcends individual cultures and embraces diverse contexts. The study employs methods of theoretical analysis and synthesis, sociolinguistic and socio-constructivist approaches, as well as comparative analysis, to reinterpret the role of English as a lingua franca and its connection to multilingual communicative practices. The practical significance of the research lies in its potential to advance intercultural communication and improve interactions in multilingual and multicultural contexts, fostering greater understanding and acceptance of diverse cultural identities in a globalized world. The findings underline that the focus should be on developing intercultural competence resources rather than on studying isolated linguistic and cultural traditions.
Keywords:
institutional environment., globalization, multicultural interaction, polycodality, intercultural competence, sociolinguistics, multilingual practices, cultural identity formation, intercultural communication, Lingua Franca
Reference:
Luo Z..
Grammatical errors made by students when translating phraseological units from Russian into Chinese.
// Litera.
2025. № 1.
P. 29-40.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2025.1.72815 EDN: DGIVYR URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=72815
Abstract:
The article is devoted to the theoretical and applied research of the translation features in the "Russian – Chinese" language pair. Numerous studies in the field of Russian-Chinese translation, in particular, phraseological units, indicate the existence of significant difficulties faced by modern translation students. These difficulties include differences in the syntactic structure of sentences, the lack of grammatical categories of gender and number in Chinese, as well as specific features of the semantic structure of phraseological units. The subject of the study is the most characteristic types and features of grammatical errors made by students in the process of consistent translation of Russian phraseological units into Chinese. The purpose of the study is to identify the specifics of errors caused by the semantic, grammatical and structural characteristics of Russian phraseological units and their inconsistency with the grammatical norms of the Chinese language. This work uses an integrated approach that includes both qualitative and quantitative research methods, including: methods of theoretical and comparative analysis, classification, content analysis, as well as methods of questioning, observation and experimental research. As a result of this study, the following groups of errors were identified: errors in coordination; incorrect use of cases and tenses; problems with the translation of semantic and grammatical shades of phraseological units. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that these groups of grammatical errors were first considered in the context of the transmission of national cultural codes of the Russian language and their semantic, grammatical and structural implementation in the process of translating phraseological units in Chinese. The results of the research can be applied in educational practice to improve the quality of teaching Chinese, as well as to develop methodological manuals, books and monographs focused on the study of grammatical aspects of translating Russian phraseological units into Chinese.
Keywords:
Russian Chinese, cultural values, translation accuracy, grammatical norms, national cultural codes, equivalence, grammatical errors, lexical substitution, semantic-grammatical structure, consecutive interpretation
Reference:
Abliametova S.M., Sattarova Z.M..
Conversion as one of the ways to form grammatical homonymy in the Crimean Tatar language
// Litera.
2024. № 12.
P. 306-314.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.12.69795 EDN: OQGANR URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=69795
Abstract:
The article uses the material of the modern Crimean Tatar language to consider grammatical homonyms formed as a result of substantiation, adjectivization, and adverbialization of the transition of independent words into service words, primary homonyms. In the Crimean Tatar language, there are grammatical homonyms formed by conversion. Conversion has one important problem – the definition of the original and derivative words in a pair of words formed by the conversion. The main pattern of homonymy of words in different parts of speech is that the transition of words from one part of speech to another is associated with the reduction of a paradigm or the separation of a word form this paradigm. When changing words into unchangeable words, the paradigm shortens and narrows. Homonyms referring to one or different parts of speech express different meanings in terms of their paradigmatic and syntagmatic aspects. When writing this paper, the descriptive method and the method of distributive analysis were used to study grammatical homonymy in the Crimean Tatar language. The analysis of the stated facts allows us to draw the following conclusions. Consideration of grammatical homonyms in the modern Crimean Tatar language, including substantiation, the transition of common names into proper names, adjectivation, adverbialization, the transition of semantic words into official ones, primary homonymy indicates the complex nature of the processes occurring during the formation of vocabulary and grammar of the modern Crimean Tatar language. Syntactic and morphological factors that resolve and formalize syntactic changes form grammatical homonyms. In this process, the unity of action of all sides of the language is manifested, their mutual connection and interdependence. Grammatical homonymy is more abstract than lexical. If lexical homonyms are always represented by separate words – carriers of a certain real content, then grammatical homonymy can be expressed not only in the identity of whole word forms, as in all the examples given, but also in the identity of only grammatical formants, as well as in the identity of grammatical constructions or models. Thus, the essence of grammatical homonymy is that they serve as homonyms only due to the coincidence of grammatical forms and are formed as a result of conversion.
Keywords:
grammatical meaning, lexical meaning, Lexicology, adverbialization, adjectivization, substantiation, conversion, Crimean Tatar language, homonyms, word formation
Reference:
Komarova K.I..
Correlation of short and full forms of adjectives in the modern Slovenian literary language in journalistic texts (based on the materials of the Gigafida 2.0 corpus)
// Litera.
2024. № 11.
P. 388-396.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.11.72174 EDN: RSCFOP URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=72174
Abstract:
The article discusses the use of short and full forms of adjectives in the modern literary Slovene language. Both forms of adjectives serve in the Slovenian language to express the category of certainty and uncertainty, which goes back to the common Slavic opposition of short and full forms. In modern research on Slovenistics, special attention is paid to the question of the similarity of the functions of a certain article in Western European languages and a certain form of an adjective in the Slovenian language. In our study, we decided to analyze the cases of the use of short and full forms of adjectives in the Slovenian language using the example of journalistic texts and compare the use of adjective forms with the use of articles in Western European languages. To do this, we turned to the corpus of the written standard Slovene language Gigafida 2.0 For random sampling analysis, we selected four pairs of adjectives: nov / novi, star /stari, mlad /mladi. We have considered all pairs of short and full adjectives in the nominative and accusative cases. We have selected 100 examples for each form of adjectives (1200 examples in total). As a result of our research, we came to the conclusion that the short and full forms of adjectives in the Slovenian language really correlate with indefinite and definite articles in Western European languages. To use the article correctly, it is necessary to understand the context. In Slovene, we see the same influence of context on the choice of adjective form in both nominative and accusative cases. Short forms are used in cases where we are talking about a "new" object that has not been mentioned before. The short form expresses the uncertainty of the subject, does not distinguish it from other similar subjects and emphasizes the insignificance of the feature. The full form of the adjective also serves as an indicator that the object is already familiar to the reader.
Keywords:
context, category of definiteness, functions of adjectives, category of indefiniteness, public speaking articles, history of Slovenian language, article, Gigafida, forms of adjectives, Slovenian language
Reference:
Iordani N..
On Some Means Expressing Imperative Semantics in Middle Russian Business and Household Documents of the 16th – 17th Centuries
// Litera.
2024. № 9.
P. 81-90.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.9.71828 EDN: JHBHBM URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=71828
Abstract:
The article is devoted to the use of verb forms (imperative and subjunctive mood) and syntactic constructions (dative subject + infinitive and dative subject + infinitive with a particle by) used to express imperative semantics in Middle Russian business and household sources of different genres. The paper studies such business sources of the 16th – 17th centuries related to clerical records management were investigated: ukaznaja gramota containing orders from the central secular and spiritual authorities to local officials; pamjat' reflecting the interaction of administrative persons and institutions. Household writing is represented by materials of private correspondence, which was informal and had no legal status, therefore, phenomena characteristic of a oral speech and not reflected in official documents are recorded in such sources. The paper uses a comparative method, which consists in comparing the contexts of the use of means of expressing imperative semantics. It was found that the verb forms and syntactic constructions expressing this meaning were distributed differently in the texts of different genres: ukaznaja gramota is characterized by the use of the subjunctive and imperative mood and the infinitive with a particle by. The forms of the subjunctive mood and the infinitive without a particle by with 3rd person subject are widely represented in pamjat'. The infinitive with the particle by appears in pamjat' in contexts with the 2nd person, as well as the forms of the subjunctive and imperative mood. Household sources are characterized by a high frequency of imperative mood compared to an infinitive with a particle by. The article presents a quantitative analysis of verb forms and syntactic constructions used to express imperative meaning in texts of different genres.
Keywords:
clerical office work, source study, imperative semantics, subjunctive mood, imperative mood, infinitive with by, infinitive, Middle Russian, business writing, household writing
Reference:
Sereda D.M..
Prefix ot: semantic class "Deprivation of functions" in the Russian language of the XI-XVII centuries.
// Litera.
2024. № 8.
P. 272-283.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.8.71598 EDN: XCEZJU URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=71598
Abstract:
The proposed article is devoted to the formation and development of the semantic class "Deprivation of functions" of verbs with the prefix ot- in the history of the Russian language of the pre-national period. The object of the study is derivatives with the prefix ot–, which have the meaning of ‘deprivation of functions’. The subject of the study is the mechanisms of the development of polysituativity in the analyzed lexemes. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as the historical processes of the origin of the semantic class "Deprivation of functions" in the Old Russian language, as well as its further development in the Old Russian period, where, depending on the nature of the negative impact and the characteristics of the denotative structure, it is divided into three subclasses: 1) "the impact of a negative state", 2) "causative effect" and 3) "negative impact on oneself". Special attention is paid to the analysis of the denotative and word-formation level of the verbs under consideration. Studies of prefixal verb derivation in the framework of cognitive linguistics are an urgent area of modern word formation. To analyze the semantics of verbal lexemes, a method of polysituative analysis developed by N. B. Lebedeva is proposed. The denotative structure of the verb is considered as separate propositions (situations) that are related to each other by various spatial, temporal or logical relationships. The novelty of the research lies in determining the main components that make up the denotative structure of derivatives of the semantic class "Deprivation of functions", analyzing their transformation in the history of the Russian language and identifying possible options presented in three subclasses: "the impact of a negative state", "causative effect", "negative impact on oneself". The word-formation specificity of the analyzed derivatives is determined.
Keywords:
denotative structure, the method of polysituative analysis, the verbal prefix from-, semantic class, semantic network, verbal word formation, Cognitive linguistics, The situation, the Old Russian language, Old Russian language
Reference:
Ershova I..
Basic cognitive features of the concept of SPORT in the minds of native speakers of modern Russian
// Litera.
2024. № 7.
P. 244-251.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.7.43528 EDN: SJXTIJ URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=43528
Abstract:
The purpose of the work is to identify and describe the content of the basic layer of the concept of SPORT, relevant to the current state of national consciousness. The subject of the study is the lexical means of representation of the concept obtained in the course of a free associative experiment. The descriptive, quantitative method, methods of component analysis of the meaning of the word and conceptual analysis are used in the work, methods of constructing the nominative field of the concept and the associative field of the key lexeme "sport" are also used. The study presents a linguocognitive approach to the study of the semantic content of the concept: the concept is described in the work as a concept-gestalt, its frame structure is modeled. As a result of the undertaken research, 4 cognitive features were identified in the content of the basic layer of the concept of SPORT, based on data from lexicographic sources and verified by analyzing the materials of the associative experiment. The data obtained in the course of the work can be used in the process of teaching lexicology and cognitive linguistics in higher education, as well as in the practice of compiling explanatory and associative dictionaries. The novelty of the research is due to the fact that the experiment made it possible to discover the psycholinguistic meaning of the concept name and conclude that sport is conceptualized in the minds of modern Russian speakers primarily as an activity aimed at maintaining and strengthening human health.
Keywords:
psycholinguistic meaning, associative field, cognitive feature, the key lexeme, free associative experiment, base layer, content of the concept, concept, cognitive linguistics, Russian language
Reference:
Osadchaia O.N..
Historical and etymological aspect of the conceptual triad mercy-indifference-cruelty in English and Russian
// Litera.
2024. № 6.
P. 377-387.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.6.43530 EDN: BNWNIA URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=43530
Abstract:
The object of the study is the linguocultural triad mercy-indifference-cruelty in English and Russian. The subject of the study is nuclear lexemes that verbalize the linguistic and cultural concepts of mercy, indifference, cruelty in the compared languages. To reveal the essence of the concepts studied, etymological analysis of the lexemes-representatives, data from etymological dictionaries of English and Russian languages were used. The purpose of the study is to establish universal and idioethnic characteristics of the representatives of the conceptual triad mercy-indifference-cruelty in English and Russian. The following methods were used in the work carried out: semantic method, etymological method, comparative method, external reconstruction method. The scientific novelty of the work consists in the study of the linguistic and cultural concepts of mercy, indifference, cruelty in etymological perspective, which have not previously been studied in triadic relations when comparing English and Russian languages. As a result of the conducted research, we received information for the first time that nuclear lexemes verbalizing the concept of mercy in English and Russian at the initial stage of their functioning in the compared languages have similar motivation due to the presence of the first root of the Proto-Indo-European language. We have found evidence of a semantic shift in the perception of linguistic units representing the concept of indifference in English and Russian linguistic cultures in diachronic terms. A characteristic idioethnic feature of the representation of the concept of cruelty in the minds of native speakers of the Russian language is its ambiguity and dependence on casual attribution.
Keywords:
diachrony, comparison, Russian linguoculture, English linguoculture, cruelty, indifference, mercy, linguocultural concept, etymology, dictionary
Reference:
LUO D..
Values in the protocol genre in the official business substyle of the religious functional style
// Litera.
2024. № 6.
P. 169-177.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.6.70894 EDN: JSKZSP URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=70894
Abstract:
The subject of the study is the specificity of values in the official business protocols used in the religious documents. The object of the study is the protocols of the religious style. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as the category and compositions that form the valuable potential of the protocol genre in the religious sphere, focuses on key axiologems reflecting traditional religious attitudes. Special attention is paid to the category of composition of the protocol genre, which reflects the development of the topic and, accordingly, assessments in a religious functional style. The composition of the protocol in the religious style almost completely coincides with the explication of the composition in the secular version of the official business style and includes the following parts: a statement, or substantive (listened to), in which the topic is stated, and a final, or certifying (decided). The difference between the compositional structure of the protocol genre in the official business substyle of the religious functional style consists in the presence of a variable stating part of the judgment. The research is carried out using the categorical-textual method developed at the Ural Scientific School of Linguoculturology and Stylistics. The textual categories of composition and evaluation are explicated in the studied texts in a certain specific way, which makes it possible to attribute these texts to the genre of protocol. The main conclusions of the study are that the protocol genre reflects axiological religious attitudes in a religious style, including gratitude, respect for life, care for vulnerable groups of the population, the spirit of self-sacrifice, anti-discrimination ideas, mercy, forgiveness, etc., which are concentrated in the compositional stating and final parts of the text. The novelty of this study largely lies in the lack of knowledge of the genre of protocol in the religious functional style. The Church, as a public organization, needs to record information about key events and decisions taken. To this end, the church uses the protocol genre as a tool to ensure the completeness of the stored information. However, there are practically no studies devoted to the genre of protocol, which to a certain extent limits our knowledge of the religious functional style. The present study aims to eliminate this shortcoming and fill the existing gap in the description of the protocol genre in the religious sphere. The study of the protocol genre in the religious sphere on a categorical-textual basis is being carried out for the first time.
Keywords:
Russian Orthodox Church, religious attitudes, categorical-text method, composition, theme, axiologeme, official substyle, religious Style, protocol genre, value
Reference:
Theodoridou E..
A comparative analysis of the usage of Greek and Russian proverbs in everyday communication
// Litera.
2024. № 6.
P. 388-400.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.6.71100 EDN: BNGHXR URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=71100
Abstract:
The purpose of the research is to determine the linguistic status of proverbs and sayings in everyday speech of Greek and Russian native speakers. The results highlighted that both Greek and Russian speakers are well acquainted with a large number of proverbs and sayings (more than 50), but rarely use them in everyday life. Everyday paremiology is passed down from generation to generation and plays a key role in preserving cultural heritage and shaping the spiritual and moral image of society. The research also underlines the purpose behind the usage proverbs and sayings in everyday communication. It was concluded that most Greek speakers use proverbs and sayings to make information more understandable and convincing. At the same time, most Russian speakers use proverbs and sayings to express irony and relieve tension in communication. Thus, the purposes of using proverbs and sayings in everyday speech among these two nations are different. To conduct the study, the methods of sociological survey and comparative analysis were used. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that the frequency of use of proverbs and sayings was determined, which reflects the characteristics of the speakers’ national identity. The practical results the research help to better understand the cultural characteristics of Greek and Russian native speakers, which helps improve the quality of intercultural communication. The above pilot data helped us to recognize the fact that the understanding and interpretation of proverbs indicate the way metaphor is used in everyday communication. Proverbs and sayings exemplify how humans use language to convey complex ideas and values through metaphorical structures. They help not only to communicate, but also to understand the world through the prism of culture and language, which is an important aspect of human thinking and cognitive abilities.
Keywords:
paremiology, proverbs and sayings, Greek, Russian, everyday communication, survey, comparative method, sociological survey, comparative analysis, linguistic picture of the world
Reference:
Luo X..
General and special properties of lexical units denoting inner-city driveways in Chinese
// Litera.
2024. № 5.
P. 183-197.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.5.40987 EDN: FHPZPL URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=40987
Abstract:
The subject of the study is the properties of lexical units related to the names of city passages in Chinese, expressing relations in Russian, Chinese. The purpose of the work is to identify the general structure of common Chinese streets and other inner-city objects, as well as to analyze their meaning. The following methods were used in this article: descriptive, comparative, modeling method and component analysis method. Lexical units that name linear objects of the urban road network and make up a part of the vocabulary that is noticeable to speakers are one of the key components of urban architecture and at the same time part of the communicative culture, which, in turn, reflects the regional culture and national flavor of the area. Starting from the composition of street names, primarily from the point of view of the theory of the semantic field, lexico-semantic groups and their meanings were analyzed in this article. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time the general and special aspects of the analyzed names of driveways are considered in comparison. The results of the research can be used in the process of teaching lecture courses; when reading special courses on cognitive linguistics, linguoculturology, intercultural communication. It is concluded that toponyms help to preserve and transmit the historical and cultural heritage of a certain territory. In Chinese culture, especially when naming streets, proper names consisting of several hieroglyphs are often used. In Chinese writing, one hieroglyph can represent a word or an idea, so several hieroglyphs are needed for the full proper name or local toponym. Monosyllabic names consisting of two hieroglyphs are most common in street names. In some cases, names consisting of four hieroglyphs can also be used to convey even more information or uniqueness, each of which may have its own unique history and meaning.
Keywords:
word formation, Chinese language, city road names, common lexemes, semantic field, toponym structure, sememe, toponymic term, streets, lanes
Reference:
Egorova N.V., Shchipanova Y.V., Goroshko V.S..
Semantic word change as the main way to create a comic effect in the speech genres of Internet communication
// Litera.
2024. № 4.
P. 195-203.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.4.70552 EDN: UGVWHQ URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=70552
Abstract:
The subject of the study is the semantic change of a word as a way to create a comic effect in the Internet communication. The object of the research in the article is Internet memes. Special attention is paid in the article to new ways of creating a comic effect, which the authors of memes find against the background of an increase in the level of intra-genre competition. Comic genres of Internet communication are becoming a kind of thesaurus reflecting the current state of the Russian language and the changes that have occurred in it. Nevertheless, the novelty and dynamic change of linguistic trends in the speech comic genres of Internet communication suggest an insufficient theoretical justification of the problem, which determines the relevance of this work. To establish the methods used to create a comic effect, methods of analyzing dictionary definitions and contextual analysis of lexical units in the meme (including the influence of the non-verbal component) were applied. The main conclusions of the study: 1) there are a number of ways to create a comic effect based on a semantic change of a word; 2) certain features (conditions) of using these methods increase their effectiveness: the ambiguity of lexemes, the assignment of an essential role to the non-verbal component of a meme, the colloquial or slang character of the actualized meaning, the presence of a token, the recognition of verbal and non-verbal components, intentional violation of spelling rules. A special contribution of the authors and the novelty of the research is the study of ways to create a comic effect (based on semantic word change) in the genre of an Internet meme, including a non-verbal component that has a special effect on the recipient's perception of information.
Keywords:
speech genre, lexical meaning, precedent, polysemous word, Internet meme, creation of comic effect, occasionalism, pun, Internet communication, semantics
Reference:
Haji Mousaei S.A., Madaeni Awwal A..
Expression of a person’s emotional state using phraseological units with a color component in Russian and Persian languages
// Litera.
2024. № 4.
P. 340-351.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.4.70011 EDN: MWBZFU URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=70011
Abstract:
This article is devoted to a comparative analysis of phraseological units with a color component in Russian and Persian linguistic cultures, expressing the emotional state of a person. Color is an integral part of the perception of the reality around us; with its help, we can consciously or unconsciously convey our mood, inner state, and attitude towards everything around us. Phraseologisms, being a stable combination, give speech an emotional coloring and figuratively characterize a particular state. The object of the study is phraseological units of the Russian and Persian languages containing a colorative component, selected by a continuous sampling method from explanatory, phraseological, etymological and encyclopedic dictionaries and other literary sources of the Russian and Persian languages. The main research method used in this work is the comparative method and axiological analysis of phraseological units containing a color component in the Russian and Persian languages. Let us note that work on the comparative analysis of various lexical units is currently being carried out quite actively, but research in the field of comparing phraseological units with the color component of the Russian and Persian languages is not numerous. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the study and understanding of information about the emotional state of a person, which is conveyed by phraseological units of the Russian and Persian languages, containing a color component. Based on the results of the study, the symbolism and associative perception characteristic of representatives of Russian and Persian culture were determined, and the colors included in the phraseological units characterizing the emotional state of a person were identified, and the subjective evaluative attitude of a person to existing or possible situations and the objective world was indicated, transmitted by them.
Keywords:
emotional state, colorative, phraseological units, linguistic picture of the world, color picture of the world, comparison, white, green, Russian language, Persian language
Reference:
Wang J..
Phraseological units with the semantics of "human appearance" in Russian and Chinese
// Litera.
2024. № 4.
P. 1-15.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.4.70109 EDN: BWJWJB URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=70109
Abstract:
Language is one of the main tools for communication between people, allowing to express our thoughts and feelings, as well as describe the world around us. Phraseology, as an integral part of any language, plays an important role in the transmission of cultural values and traditions of the people. One of the key groups of phraseological units are phraseological units with the semantic field "human appearance", which reflect ideas about beauty, ugliness, age and other characteristics of appearance. In this article, we will consider phraseological units with the semantics of "human appearance" using the example of Russian and Chinese languages. The relevance of this topic is due to the need to study and analyze phraseology as a means of expressing culture, mentality and national characteristics of peoples. In addition, the study of phraseological units in different languages allows to identify similarities and differences in the perception of certain concepts, as well as the peculiarities of translating these units into other languages. The subject of the study: phraseological units with the semantics of "human appearance" in Russian and Chinese. Methods: 1. analysis of scientific literature on the phraseology of the Russian and Chinese languages; 2. comparative analysis of phraseological units with the semantics of "human appearance" in Russian and Chinese; 3. study of examples of phraseological units and their translation into another language; 4. identification of similarities and differences between phraseological units in Russian and Chinese. Scientific novelty: for the first time, a comparative analysis of phraseological units with the semantics of "human appearance" in Russian and Chinese is carried out. The article identifies similarities and differences between these units, as well as examines the features of their translation from one language to another. Conclusions: 1. In Russian and Chinese, there are phraseological units with the meaning "human appearance", which play an important role in communicating and describing people. 2. Despite some similarities, phraseological units in the two languages have their own peculiarities in terms of structure, semantics and pragmatics. 3. The translation of phraseological units requires taking into account their connotations, cultural characteristics and historical context. 4. Phraseological units can serve as a source for studying cultural differences and interaction between peoples.
Keywords:
common expressions, translation, cultural differences, Chinese language, Russian, semantics of appearance, idiomatic expressions, historical contexts, phraseology, language comparison
Reference:
LUO X..
The frequency of the use of the word "Tibet" in the Russian-language discourse of the 18th and 20th centuries.
// Litera.
2024. № 4.
P. 352-364.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.4.70249 EDN: NLAVHV URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=70249
Abstract:
The analysis of the reasons for the appearance of the "three peaks" of the use of the word "Tibet" from the 18th century to the present day in the national corpus of the Russian language is made in the article. Author, by considering the compatibility with the word "Tibet" in text materials, draws conclusions about the dynamic perception of the image of Tibet by native speakers of the Russian language. The article examined the image of Tibet based on materials from the NKRR. The author highlights such characteristics of the image of Tibet as the complexity of the location, the difficulty of the path, the connection with the religious and mystical worldview, mystery, etc. The analysis of the process of designing the image of Tibet reflects the development of relations between China and Russia. We used the main body of the NCR to analyze the uses of the word "Tibet" from the 18th century to the present day. The number of word usage shows three so–called "peaks" occurring in 1740-2000. The research is based on frequency and description. The frequency method helps to determine the number of word usage in different years and identify three "peaks" of the use of the word "Tibet". The descriptive method allows us to trace the peculiarities of the use of the word "Tibet" at the moment. It was revealed that the first peak of the use of the word Tibet was at the end of the 19th century. At the end of the 19th century, Tibet was an unknown region for Russians. The design of the image of Tibet is helped by textual information coming from scientific and trade expeditions. Most of the words combined with the word Tibet set the vector of movement to a new country for Russians. The second peak of word usage occurred in 1926. At this time, Russian people's knowledge of Tibet became deeper in the aspects of religion and tourism, and the description of Tibet became more detailed. During the third peak of word usage (2009), with the continuous development and popularization of Tibetan culture in Russia, more and more attention is paid to describing the image of Tibet, and there are more and more works dedicated to Tibet, advertisements for Tibetan clinics, travel blog texts about Tibet. Thus, the study of the image of Tibet is relevant for modern linguistics. The materials of the article can be used to develop educational materials, and will also be useful in studying the dynamic aspect of the worldview.
Keywords:
case studies, metaphor, image, imagology, compatibility, The image of Tibet, Tibet, frequency, the linguistic picture of the world, The National Corps of the Russian language
Reference:
Feng W..
Ways to translate medical terms into Chinese
// Litera.
2024. № 4.
P. 365-374.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.4.70335 EDN: NPKNCT URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=70335
Abstract:
The article analyzes the five most commonly used translation methods: transcription, mixed method (transcription and semantic method), semantic method, semantic method with addition of meanings and semantic method with abbreviations. The subject of the article is the translation of the names of foreign medicines in advertising into Chinese. The purpose of the article is to analyze strategies for translating the names of medicines into Chinese in advertising, as well as to identify the most frequent and popular translation methods. The article analyzes the names of foreign medicines (70 names of medicines) and their translation into Chinese. By comparing the frequency of use of each method, the most frequent method is identified when translating foreign drug names into Chinese. In the course of the research, the following methods were used: descriptive method, method of analysis of theoretical literature, as well as methods of systematization and classification of material. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that, to date, the translation of the names of medical terms has not yet been considered within the framework of the theory of translation equivalence. The practical significance of this article lies in the fact that the results of the study can contribute to the further strengthening and development of trade and international communication. The article provides examples illustrating ways to translate drug names into Chinese. During the study, it was revealed that when translating medical terms from foreign languages into Chinese, the most frequent methods are transcription and the semantic method. At the same time, the percentage of use of semantic and mixed methods (which include transcription and semantic method) is also high.The percentage of prevalence of using the semantic method with addition of meanings and abbreviations is significantly lower.
Keywords:
abbreviations, addition of meanings, semantic method, mixed method, transcription, borrowing, medical terms, translation, Chinese, translation equivalence
Reference:
Kazakova I.E..
Translation Issues of the national cultural component (based on the material of the New Zealand territorial dialect of the English language of the Auckland region)
// Litera.
2024. № 3.
P. 190-194.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.3.69955 EDN: IFLVTA URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=69955
Abstract:
This study is devoted to the lexical translation peculiarities in the context of the national and cultural identity of the English language territorial dialect within the Auckland region in New Zealand. Its relevance is due to the multifaceted interaction of nations and the intensity of their cultural exchange at the present stage, in which the issues of accurate lexical translation become critical for successful mutual understanding and communication. Accordingly, lexical units translation subtleties of the New Zealand territorial dialect of the English language witihin the Auckland region are considered as the study's subject, with an emphasis on regional semantic meanings. The purpose of the current work is to identify linguistic nuances that cause difficulties in lexical elements translation to preserve the dialect's unique cultural and national features. The article is based on text-based Internet materials, single- and bilingual academic dictionaries, official documents and the data of informants. Scientific novelty is determined by a comprehensive study of the English language current lexical trends in the Auckland region in New Zealand and an in-depth analysis of national and cultural characteristics, which should be taken into account when translating territorial linguistic phenomena. As a result of the conducted research, the uniqueness of English regional manifestation with concretization in examples is proved, which serves as a source of translation difficulties. Understanding of these vocabulary features is an essential component of a translator's cultural literacy and contributes to the accurate transmission of meaning and national cultural nuances in the translation process. Thus, the study of the lexical translation specifics in the context of the New Zealand dialect of English in the Auckland region makes a significant contribution to the field of translation studies and linguistics, warning against possible distortions and misunderstandings in the course of interaction between languages and cultures.
Keywords:
New Zealand English, language differentiation, translation studies, lexical units translation, linguistic variability, lexical semantics, national and cultural vocabulary, New Zealand dialect, Auckland region, dialectology
Reference:
Barinova B.V., Mushaev V.N..
Structural, grammatical and linguocultural aspects of the meteorolexeme "halun" in the Mongolian languages
// Litera.
2024. № 3.
P. 195-198.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.3.70070 EDN: IFRMCU URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=70070
Abstract:
The article analyzes the meteorological vocabulary in the Mongolian languages, which characterizes hot weather. The linguistic means of expressing hot weather in the worldview of the Mongolian peoples can be represented as integral and consistent natural phenomena that are systematically used by traditional speakers in direct, figurative, comparative, evaluative and metaphorical meanings. The object of the study is nominative units (words, phrases, phraseological units) in Mongolian languages that characterize hot weather. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the compatibility of the "halun" meteorological system. The bearers of a nomadic civilization are directly dependent on the natural and climatic features that determined the state of nomadic management, orientation and location of a person in nature and society. The relations of nature, man and the animal world, reflected in the ethnic consciousness of native speakers, had their own systemically categorical forms of expression in linguistic pictures of the world. For the Mongolian peoples, in addition to universal verbal forms of expression of these relations, the whole variety of linguistic and cultural approaches was used to express figuratively comparative and evaluative aesthetic means of language. This article uses a descriptive method, a comparative method, a method of linguistic and cultural analysis of lexical units. In the linguistic picture of the world of a traditional native speaker, the halun lexeme "heat, depending on the temperature regime, can denote different degrees of heat manifestation: from ordinary heat to incredible, exhausting heat, affecting the physical condition of a person. As examples, the author uses Mongolian lexicographic sources, texts of artistic and folklore works, in which lexemes denoting hot weather were analyzed from meteorological vocabulary. Meteorological vocabulary characterizing hot weather is considered in the article from the point of view of their composition, semantics, morphological-syntactic and lexico-semantic method of education. The peculiarity of artistic and folklore texts makes it possible to consider a specific lexeme in its various combinations, which makes it possible to fully reveal the features of the semantic structure of the word. In this aspect, meteorological names characterizing hot weather in the Kalmyk language are considered and systematized for the first time.
Keywords:
phraseological units, semantics, Linguoculturology, the Kalmyk language, Mongolian languages, heat, The heat, hot weather, meteorological vocabulary, the linguistic picture of the world
Reference:
Belozerova E.Y., Ginzburg O.V..
Modern phraseology of the English language: the world of fantasies, dreams and hallucination
// Litera.
2024. № 2.
P. 140-146.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.2.69859 EDN: IEZWII URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=69859
Abstract:
The article examines phraseological units of modern English from the perspective of expressing the meaning of dreaming, fantasizing and making things up. Examples of the use of phraseological units from modern English dictionaries served as empirical material. The relevance of the study is due to the emergence of a secondary nominative meaning for the word hallucinate for the purpose of further analysis of phraseological units and their possible similarity in meaning. The object of study in the article is phraseological units used in the examples presented in dictionaries to correlate the original meaning of the verb hallucinate with the presented phraseological units. The subject of the study is the communicative and pragmatic functions of the received phraseological units to describe dreams, fantasies and inventions in a state of conscious and unconscious. The purpose of the work is to study and analyze the received phraseological units. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the quality of the material (modern phraseology and vocabulary of the English language), as well as the analysis of the relationship between the meaning of the word hallucinate and the presented phraseological units. The main research method is an inductive approach to the analysis of empirical material, in which conclusions are based on the analysis of specific phraseological units. To identify derivational transformations in the structural-semantic organization of phraseological units, the work uses structural-semantic analysis. The result of the analysis reveals a number of phraseological units, the meaning of which does not correspond to the original meaning of the word hallucinate. However, one phraseological unit has been identified which can be considered as a synonym for the word hallucinate. This study contributes to the development of the study of phraseology of English, its enrichment, as well as its understanding in a broad approach.
Keywords:
English phraseology, idioms, contemporary phraseology, author’s formations, derivation, modern phraseological units, communicative task, pragmatic function, phraseology, hallucination
Reference:
Lakina S.V..
What do the most frequent anthroponyms say in the framework of the discipline "Classical Literature"
// Litera.
2024. № 1.
P. 295-311.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2024.1.69706 EDN: BEZHMG URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=69706
Abstract:
The article is devoted to the most frequent anthroponymic lexemes that are used within the framework of the discipline "Classical Literature". The subject of the research was the upper part (the first ten in terms of frequency of anthroponyms) of the frequency dictionary, compiled on the basis of textbooks on the specified subject area. Anthroponyms are presented in the article both in a short and in their full version, that is, taking into account cognomen or prenomen. The research methodology consists in a combination of quantitative automated and manual analysis, and contextual analysis was also applied. The scientific novelty of the conducted research lies in the differentiation of thematic and non-thematic anthroponyms and in identifying the reasons for the usage of names in sections and chapters of the textbook that are not devoted to them. In the course of the research, it was found out that the fundamental factor that influences the quantitative indicators of the use of a particular lexeme is the thematic affiliation of a particular textbook. This approach makes it possible to distinguish the center (where the frequency thematic anthroponyms are located) and the periphery (where the infrequent non-thematic anthroponyms are located) of the onomastic space. In addition to this difference, common indicators for all textbooks were also identified. Most of the units (49 from 50) included in the top ten in frequency are used in the content of textbooks not only in the sections devoted to them, but also in others, which deal with other personalities. Such usage of the names of real historical figures suggests an increase in their importance within the framework of the discipline "Classical Literature". In addition, it was possible to identify and classify the reasons for such use of names.
Keywords:
onomastic space, textbooks, anthroponyms, Classical literature discipline, lexical and grammatical basis, common-core vocabulary list, contextual analysis, word list, manual processing of textbooks, computer processing of textbooks
Reference:
Bavula Y.I..
The potential of verbs of thinking in the implementation of the modal meaning of desirability, possibility in media discourse
// Litera.
2023. № 11.
P. 258-267.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2023.11.44183 EDN: ZJSTFM URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=44183
Abstract:
The author, based on media texts, examines the verbs of thinking, think, decide and their derivatives. The subject of the study is the meaning of situational modality - the meaning of desirability, possibilities realized by verbs of thinking. The purpose of the work is to reveal the specifics of the modal functioning of the verbs thinking, think, decide and their derivatives. Achieving this goal is facilitated by solving the following tasks: 1) identify modal meanings realized by the verbs think and decide and their derivatives; 2) determine the conditions for the modal functioning of the above verbs. The goals and objectives of this work determined the choice of a comprehensive research methodology, including the following methods: functional-semantic, contextual, descriptive. As a result of the study, it was found that the verbs of thinking and decide and their derivatives are capable of realizing the modal meaning of desirability (variant meaning of intention), possibility, and in some cases the complex meaning of “desirability + possibility”. The scientific novelty of the article is determined by the material and subject of the study. The analysis of media texts made it possible to: 1) establish the lexical and grammatical basis of the modal functioning of verbs of thinking, the semantics of which implicitly contains a modal component; 2) determine the syntactic conditions for the implementation of the meanings of situational modality, which consist in the presence of a dependent (subjective) infinitive with the verb; 3) to conclude that the most frequent modal modifier in media discourse is the verb to decide and its derivatives. Observations and conclusions obtained as a result of the study stimulate further study of the specifics and conditions of the modal functioning of verbs of thinking in different spheres of social life.
Keywords:
media discourse, modal verbs, dependent infinitive, modal explicator, improper modal verbs, verbs of thinking, opportunity value, desirability value, situational modality, modality category
Reference:
Zhulidov S.B., Zolotova M.V., Kostin A.Y..
Invariant and Variability Boundaries as Indicators of the Translation Adequacy (Exemplified by Contemporary American Prose)
// Litera.
2023. № 9.
P. 150-164.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2023.9.39003 EDN: ZRWYEG URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=39003
Abstract:
The object of the study is the novel "The Collector" by the American writer Nora Roberts. Interrelation of the contents’ meaning invariant and its variability inevitably springing up in the fiction translation process due to linguistic as well as extra-linguistic factors is analytically considered. Special heed is paid to the transcendence of the admissible or «tolerated» variability which is bound not only to infringe the translation invariant, but also to distort the original contents’ meaning as well as its distinctive stylistic features. Examples in the form of textual excerpts borrowed from the original and its published translation are compared and juxtaposed on the basis of the detailed linguistic examination of the voluntary deviations from the original made up by the translator both involuntarily, i.e. erroneously, and deliberately. They consist mostly either of the source text’s contents omission or introduction of his/her personal dysfunctional, redundant, and completely unjustified additional information to the target text. The examples are mainly classified according to the factors causing either the variability of the source text or its meaning’s distortion as well as to the effectiveness of various means aimed to protect the translation invariant. In most cases, the authors suggest their own equivalent versions of either omitted or distorted original’s excerpts as appropriate contextual correspondences. The authors conclude that such excessive variability in the translation of the novel into Russian distorted the general meaning of the original, changed its semantics and stylistics.
Keywords:
stylistic, translation, semantic, correspondence, equivalent, adequate, variability, invariant, original, extra-linguistic
Reference:
Kuteko D.A..
Features of the functioning of the article in comedies of Italian authors of the 16th century
// Litera.
2023. № 9.
P. 1-8.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2023.9.43777 EDN: UHIGGI URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=43777
Abstract:
The use of the article is often connected with difficulties for those people who study the Italian language, especially if it is absent in their native language. It is necessary to study the article comprehensively to understand its functioning better. For example, it is important to considerate the historical aspect: its formation, as well as the principles and contexts of its using during early stages of development. That's why the subject of the study is the functioning of the definite, indefinite and partitive article in the texts of comedies written by Italian authors of the 16th century. Particular attention is paid to the use of the partitive article in prepositional constructions because this structure, according to F. Sabatini, is considered an innovative trend in the modern Italian language of informal communication. The scientific novelty is in the material chosen for this research. Previously, Italian comedies were not used as a source of value for obtaining new knowledge about the language, in particular, the aspect concerning the functioning of the article. It is important that their texts imitate informal everyday communication, and therefore serve as valuable material for analyzing the language of the 16th century. The examples given in this research give reason to believe that the use of the partitive article with prepositions is not an innovation of italiano neostandard. Thus, at the present moment, the Italian language does not develop innovative structures, but rather undergoes a process of restandartization.
Keywords:
indefinite article, definite article, parlato-recitato, 16th century theatre, Italian comic theatre, functioning of the article, restandartization of the Italian language, italiano neostandard, the Italian language, partitive article
Reference:
Gerasimova A.A..
Modern Arabic Scholars on Stress
// Litera.
2023. № 8.
P. 262-280.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2023.8.39828 EDN: VNRNYG URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=39828
Abstract:
The article comments on the most significant phonetic works, which describe: • theoretical provisions on the physiology of percussive sound generation, • its acoustic features and parameters of the vowel component – syllabic carrier, • rules for placing stress in Arabic words, • Peculiarities and differences in the generation of stress in different idioms of the Arab world. The aim of the paper is to describe the basic concepts of Arab scholars regarding the stress in the Arabic word. The authors take a different look at the articulatory mechanism and acoustic characteristics of stress, highlighting various parameters of the stressed syllable, such as effort, exhaled air volume, intensity, tone, duration and distinctness. The purpose of the description is to identify the common features of Arabic stress. The article examines the works of Ibrahim Anis, Muhammad al-Nuri, Tamam Hassan and Ahmad Mukhtar Umar – authors of the 20th century, when experimental phonetic studies among Arabic linguists were not yet carried out, therefore, the paper describes a purely theoretical study of the issue. As the main factor of the stressed syllable, Arabic authors choose the effort applied for its implementation, as well as the tone – this is noted in the works of all the listed linguists. Two authors highlight the characteristics of distinctness and duration. According to all authors, intensity makes the least contribution to the stress of a syllable. All factors are associated with great effort at the stage of articulation. The article describes the history of interest in stress in Arabic grammatical monographs, as well as the main provisions and approaches to its definition, which made it possible to further experimental study of the issue.
Keywords:
Ibrahim Anis, distinctness, tone, effort, Ahmad Mukhtar Umar, Tamam Hassan, Muhammad al-Nuri, Arabic, stress, duration
Reference:
Studenikina D.G..
Linguacultural prerequisites for the creation of new lexical units in dystopias (on the example of the lexical-thematic group "Names of socio-political organizations" in George Orwell's dystopian novel "1984")
// Litera.
2023. № 8.
P. 281-288.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2023.8.43761 EDN: VOIYHU URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=43761
Abstract:
This research studies the mechanisms of the formation of the author's vocabulary in the text of a dystopia. This vocabulary is called non-existent designations of literary reality. Extra linguistic factors influence the formation of the author's neologism. One of the factors is culture, which influenced the formation of linguistic consciousness. A literary work is a space in which the linguistic embodiment of the author's image of the world, his linguistic culture is concentrated. The material of the research is the text of the dystopian novel "1984" by George Orwell. Dystopia is of interest as one of the fantastic subgenres. The structure of the dystopian world is constructed on the author's fantasy, demonstrating non-existent things. Non-existent denotations are named according to this genre specificity. In the composition of the novel, the depiction of contradictions in the life of society and an undesirable political system is significant for building the world. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to describe the lexical-thematic group "Names of socio-political organizations" in George Orwell's dystopian novel "1984" and to identify productive elements for creating the vocabulary of this group. The paper uses the descriptive method used in the onomasiological approach. As a result of the research, the units that make up the lexical-thematic group "Names of socio-political organizations" were selected, productive elements for creating the studied names were identified, and their lexical meaning was characterized. It can also be concluded that the text of a dystopia is the space in which the author's imagination is realized when creating a non-existent world. This world is not a copy of objective reality. At the same time, the naming of fragments of the new reality is based on the knowledge contained in the mind of the author.
Keywords:
linguistic culture, lexical nomination, semiosis, occasionalism, narrator, linguistic personality, image of the world, fiction (science fiction), Dystopia, the lexical-thematic group
Reference:
Chaplik V.A..
Lexicological features of modern french-speaking media
// Litera.
2023. № 7.
P. 173-182.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2023.7.43567 EDN: TNRSTR URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=43567
Abstract:
This article is devoted to the analysis of current trends in the political and public discourse of the modern French language. The subject of the research conducted on the material of French-language periodicals is lexical innovations found in the language material of the modern press. It should be noted that some topics attract neology more than others, in particular, politics, which is directly due to its dynamics: the constant emergence of movements, groupings, ideas and ideologies that get their name. In this context a paradigm that includes units formed from proper names seems particularly productive. The main focus of the research is on the word-formation and semantic aspects of such neologisms, on the analysis of the most frequent examples of such lexical neoplasms. The results of the study allow us to state the wide prevalence of eponymous neologisms in the political and social French-speaking discourse, as well as to track the actual use of these lexical formations in the press using the Néoveille platform.
Keywords:
suffixation, corpus, linguistic expressivity, French press, wordplay, eponymy, telescoping, word formation, lexicology, neology
Reference:
Pushkareva Y.G., Zharnikova A.V., Shcherbakova A.A..
The discursive function of anemonyms in the modern communicative space
// Litera.
2023. № 6.
P. 254-264.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2023.6.38273 EDN: QHSZBL URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=38273
Abstract:
The article discusses the discursive function of anemonyms – names of winds. The authors include names of winds and their nomenclature designations in the concept of "anemonym". The discursive function determines the role of linguistic units both in the process of cognition and in the process of communication. The polysemanticism of the word wind and its synonyms, on the one hand, expands their functionality, and on the other hand, promotes discursive realization in both emotional and rational contexts. The purpose of the article is to characterize the discursive function of anemonyms. The subject of the study is anemonyms in the modern communicative space. The main research methods are descriptive, etymological, comparative-historical and discursive. Relevance: the study of anemonyms in the functional aspect allows us to identify the features of human cognition and perception of the surrounding reality, various mechanisms of human mental activity, as well as various forms of knowledge representation. Conclusions. The discursive nature of language explains the acquisition of new meanings by words, as well as their new uses in an unusual context. Language is closely related to socio-psychological changes in the communicative space of a particular language. Intensive metaphorization of synonyms of the word wind gives innovation and creativity to the discourse, since the presence in the mind of a native speaker of the connection between the signifier and the signified, that is, the psychological motivation of the word, emphasizes its special property – expressiveness.
Keywords:
nomenclature designations of winds, discursive functions of anemonyms, anemonyms, proper name, cognition, communication, linguoculturology, onomasiology, cognitive linguistics, nomination theory
Reference:
Guan Q..
Linguistic Analysis of the Concept of CORRUPTION in the Russian Political Discourse
// Litera.
2023. № 6.
P. 265-273.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2023.6.40916 EDN: QHTUJG URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=40916
Abstract:
The subject of the study is the concept of CORRUPTION from the point of view of its implementation in the tests of political discourse. The purpose of the study is to conceptualize the concept of CORRUPTION in the semantic space of the modern Russian language (based on the material of texts containing the concept of "corruption" in the electronic version of the journal "RBC"). The article concretizes the term "corruption", postulates its legal formality. The concept of discourse is detailed and the affiliation of the concept of CORRUPTION to institutional political and economic discourses is formulated. The specific examples published in an authoritative Russian business magazine and reflecting the current attitude of society to the phenomenon under consideration are analyzed. The methodological base includes conceptual analysis, semantic analysis, content analysis, description and systematization. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the subject of the study is the implementation of public discourse in the form of media tests published for a wide audience, in which social, and linguistic transformations become noticeable before other written sources. This makes it possible to actualize an important social phenomenon. The results obtained complement the system of scientific knowledge on the problems of conceptualization and transformation of the concept, and can also be used in teaching. The results of the study showed that each text with the help of certain expressions creates a special lexical and conceptual core, which includes, among others, the words and expressions "clean", "crime", "damage", "loss of trust" and others. This core depends on the subject of the discussion.
Keywords:
lexical-conceptual core, conceptual analysis, linguistic analysis, corruption, mass media, discourse, concept, Russian language, conceptualization, policy
Reference:
Wang Y..
Conceptual analysis of the lexeme "cloud" in Russian and Chinese linguocultures
// Litera.
2023. № 6.
P. 274-285.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2023.6.43432 EDN: QHWHEA URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=43432
Abstract:
The subject of the study is the lexeme "cloud" in cultures fixed in the signs of the Russian and Chinese languages. The purpose of the work is to study the features of the lexeme "cloud" in Russian and Chinese linguocultures using conceptual analysis. The research uses the methods of conceptual linguistic and cultural analysis, comparative analysis and continuous sampling. This article discusses the concept of "cloud" as one of the most important lexemes for the cultures of the two countries. Special attention is paid to identifying dictionary interpretations of this word in two languages, to the study of materials with the "cloud" component, presented in Russian and Chinese phraseological units, paroemias and poems. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the disclosure of the symbolic meaning of the lexeme "cloud" using the method of conceptual analysis, as well as in the comparison of this concept against the background of different linguistic cultures. As a result, the cultural content of the concept "cloud", contained in the Russian and Chinese languages, is revealed, the similarities and differences of the concept "cloud" against the background of two linguistic cultures are generalized. It is concluded that the lexeme "cloud" preserves rich cultural traditions with ethnic characteristics. In Russian linguoculture, the "cloud" is often associated with religion and God, having a mystical connotation, in Chinese linguoculture it reflects the funny feelings of the Chinese, including romanticism, ambition and the desire for a career or life. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that it provides an opportunity to understand the national specifics of the culture of the two countries, and has a positive impact on intercultural communication.
Keywords:
ethnic features, lexicographic definition, Chinese language, Russian language, concept representation, symbolic significations, linguoculture, lexeme, cloud, Conceptual analysis
Reference:
Li X..
Structural and semantic features of verbs of interpersonal relations in Russian and Chinese
// Litera.
2023. № 5.
P. 19-26.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2023.5.40704 EDN: YSSWNI URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=40704
Abstract:
The subject of the study is the structural and semantic features of verbs expressing interpersonal relationships in two different-structured Russian and Chinese languages. The purpose of the work is to provide a comparative description of the structure of verbs and their semantic features, as well as to identify the specifics of grammatical categories and compare the word-formation types of verbs in two languages. The following methods were used in this article: descriptive method, comparative method and component analysis method. From the point of view of the structural-semantic approach, the verbal vocabulary of the Russian and Chinese languages expressing interpersonal relations still remains insufficiently studied, so research in the field of verb semantics is relevant. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the fact that for the first time the common and unique features of the analyzed verbs are considered in comparison. It is shown that an important feature of Russian verbs is that they have many forms of word change with different meanings, whereas in Chinese the verb has no forms of word change and semantic diversity. The results of the research can be used in the process of teaching lecture courses on comparative lexicology of Russian and Chinese languages; when reading special courses in cognitive linguistics, linguoculturology, intercultural communication. The conclusion of this research is that compared with Russian verbs, which are characterized by a wealth and variety of affixes, Chinese verbs do not have possibilities of word formation for expressing different grammatical meanings. These various structural and semantic features of Russian and Chinese verbs complicate the understanding of the text and create significant difficulties in translation, as well as in the practice of teaching these languages as foreign.
Keywords:
comparative analysis, Chinese, Russian, interpersonal relations, verb, semantic features, semantics, structure, word formation, lexicology
Reference:
Golovanivskaya M.K., Efimenko N.A..
The idea of truth in Russian, French and Chinese languages and cultures
// Litera.
2023. № 5.
P. 249-267.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2023.5.40622 EDN: HQJANA URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=40622
Abstract:
The article examines the idea of "truth" in three linguistic pictures of the world - Russian, French and Chinese. The study is contrastive, the results are compared. The description of each idea is made according to a clear algorithm: the etymology of the word, the mythological roots of the concept, its compatibility, from the compatibility is distinguished real connotation according to V. A. Uspensky, a comparison of dictionary definitions is made.The aim of the study is to identify the peculiarities of the idea of "truth" in the Russian, French and Chinese languages. The purpose of the comparison is to see the similarities and differences in the worldview of different peoples. Scientific methods of research are: comparative-historical method, method of generalization, method of semantic analysis. This topic is understudied, no linguocultural studies analyzing this idea in Russian, French and Chinese culture have been observed earlier, which constitutes the scientific novelty of the work. The results will contribute to mutual understanding between peoples, forming a kind of conceptual bridge, and will also be used in courses on regional studies, comparative studies of cultures, and in the teaching of the respective languages.
Keywords:
French language, Russian language, real connotations, Chinese language, comparative linguistics, semantic analysis, truth, linguoculturology, contrastive research, national worldviews
Reference:
Popova L.G., Kovalenko D..
Structural characteristics of French and Russian terms of the subject area "space artificial satellites" (based on glossaries)
// Litera.
2023. № 5.
P. 268-276.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2023.5.40869 EDN: GJGSUT URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=40869
Abstract:
This article is devoted to the comparative analysis of the derivational elements of French and Russian terms of space artificial satellites area. Linguists’ understanding of prefixation and suffixation components features, the ability to identify the prerequisites of their usage, correlate their morphological structure with cultural and historical linguistic realities will ensure a competent and timely interpretation of terms in this field in the process of experts’ interaction. The relevance of the work is due to the fact that scientists have not conducted a comparative analysis of the French-Russian elements of the term formation of such a highly specialized and innovative subject area as space artificial satellites. The subject of the study is the linguistic features of French and Russian terms formation methods in the space artificial satellites area. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time we have identified the most active method of the terms’ derivation based on the material of the two languages under consideration. The results of the study demonstrate that suffixation is the main way of forming terms in both French and Russian languages, in particular, the suffixes –tion and –ement in French and –ость in Russian are most actively involved in the formation of terms; that international prefixes are used in most cases of formation of space artificial satellites terms and the quantitative representativeness of the prefixes télé–/теле– and auto–/авто– accounts for half of the total number of units.
Keywords:
glossary, suffix, artificial space satellites, prefix, structure, term formation, term, special language, derivation, comparative analysis
Reference:
Knyazeva N.V..
Occasional complex words in the journalism of V. Nabokov
// Litera.
2023. № 4.
P. 170-179.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2023.4.40433 EDN: WEOZHE URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=40433
Abstract:
The object of the study is the individual author's complex lexemes of V. Nabokov. The source of the language material is the author's journalistic works, which, due to the specifics of the genre, contain a large number of occasional formations of various kinds, including word-formation derivatives. Composite words are considered as a manifestation of the phenomenon of language play in the author's text, on the one hand, and as the implementation of V. Nabokov's "game style" in journalistic texts, on the other. A wide range of philological research methods were used for the objective analysis of occasionalisms: semantic-stylistic, component and contextual analysis, and an intertextual approach was also implemented as meeting the content parameters of V. Nabokov's texts as a whole. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time occasional composite words were analyzed in the framework of a multidimensional approach based on the material of V. Nabokov's journalism. As a result of the analysis, conclusions of general and particular order were drawn, namely: - the author's journalism of V. Nabokov is characterized by a deep game stylistics of texts, which is expressed, among other things, with the help of word-making; - the use of occasionalisms in journalistic texts makes it possible to actualize the author's meanings, give capacious, figurative characteristics, at the same time reflect the position of the author; - occasional composites as a result of word composition are distinguished by linguistic compression and at the same time a great semantic saturation, including connotative meanings; - in V. Nabokov's journalism, the comic often becomes ironic, even sarcastic, going beyond the comic is determined by the specifics of the style: relevance, sharpness of the subject, emphasized by the freedom of the author's self-expression; - from a semantic point of view, V. Nabokov's occasional composites have a high degree of generality, often created by the author for the nomination of typical phenomena of reality, including typical images, characters.
Keywords:
journalistic texts, stylistics, comic effect, language game, occasionalism, complex words, composite words, word composition, derivatology, Nabokov
Reference:
Pshenichnikova A.Y..
The Vocabulary of Traditional Dishes of the Regions of Spain, which has a Foreign Language Origin.
// Litera.
2023. № 3.
P. 59-71.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2023.3.39892 EDN: CCEGOR URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=39892
Abstract:
In the modern world, the Spanish language in Latin America is defined as the national version of the Spanish language. The object of the study is the national variants of the Spanish language. The subject of the study is the vocabulary of traditional dishes of the regions of Spain. In this regard, considering the origin of the vocabulary of traditional Spanish dishes, we highlight the purpose of the study: to analyze the names of traditional dishes of the regions of Spain that have an origin from the names of dishes of some Latin American countries. The Spanish language has a wide territorial variability, which determines the inter-variant national and cultural specifics of communication (Firsova, 2021: 176). The objectives of this work are to establish the interrelationships of the origin of the vocabulary of traditional dishes of the regions of Spain with the vocabulary of similar dishes of Latin American countries. The scientific novelty of our research consists in examining and analyzing the little-studied vocabulary of dishes from Spain and Latin American countries, such as Peru, Argentina and Cuba. Relevance of the research: the role of the Spanish language and the national variant of the Spanish language are an urgent topic and suggest making new conclusions about the development of the language, in a broad sense, as a sign and communicative system. The vocabulary of traditional Spanish dishes, represented by such groups as Arabisms, Gallicisms, Latinisms, indigenisms, regionalisms and varianisms, is marked by their different origins. Spanish in Latin American countries can be defined as the national version of the Spanish language. Spanish in Latin America has the status of the official language. Along with the Spanish official language, Quechua and Aymara have the status of the state language in the countries of Peru and Bolivia, which is reflected in the national and cultural specifics of the Spanish language. In the countries we are considering, Peru, Argentina and Cuba, the Spanish language, of course, has its own peculiarities. In the article we gave an analysis of the vocabulary of dishes by origin.
Keywords:
regionalisms and variationisms, latinisms, hallicisms, indihenisms, arabisms, autonomous communities of Spain, linguistic zones, language picture of the world, realities, national version
Reference:
Derevskova E., Dorfman O., Pozdniakova N..
Language metaphor generating tropes
// Litera.
2023. № 3.
P. 36-44.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2023.3.39953 EDN: EPSAXT URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=39953
Abstract:
The article deals with the trope system of the Russian language. The aim of the article is to reveal the stages of analysis which students need to pass to identify different tropes based on usual metaphor. For mastering theoretical material the authors suggest the teaching technique founded on the step-by-step topic learning. The chosen form of the material presentation has determined the direction of tasks combined into three modules: "Language metaphor - Artistic metaphor"; "Language Metaphor - Personification," "Language Metaphor - Figurative comparison". Module work is connected, firstly, with the tasks involving consulting with dictionaries, studying the structure of dictionary entries, revealing the lexical-semantic variants of a polysemant word that determine the specifics of an individual trope. Secondly, the authors suggest types of exercises which involve context observing and help students rethink the meaning of a word and then correctly identify the functioning of the trope in the text. While studying the topic, each of the modules gives the opportunity to combine knowledge of theory and practical analysis of objective material and that makes the results of research work valuable, and conclusions conscious. While training bachelor-philologists, linguists, teachers of the Russian language and literature and students of general and (or) secondary general education, the suggested technique for studying complex issues of lexical semantics and trope system allows students to develop skills that implement professional competence related to the readiness to use systematized theoretical and practical knowledge to set and solve research problems in the field of education.
Keywords:
text, component analysis, system of exercises, figurative comparison, personification, metaphor, tropes, figurative meaning, lexical semantics, technique
Reference:
Wang Y., Mitrofanova I.I..
The Concept of "Sky" as a Set of Collective Representations in Chinese Linguoculturology
// Litera.
2022. № 12.
P. 126-135.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2022.12.39261 EDN: LBBJXX URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=39261
Abstract:
The article deals with the semantics of the concept "sky" in the Chinese language. The aim of the article is to study the concept "sky" in Chinese culture and to identify the specifics of its content in the Chinese language picture of the world. The concept serves as the basis of human consciousness and the system of cultural values of the nation. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the polysemous word "sky" and its lexical combination in Chinese linguocultural studies. The object of the research is the concept "sky" in the Chinese language picture of the world. The subject of the research is the representation of collective representations of the concept "sky" in Chinese language. Descriptive, component and structural, comparative analysis methods were used in this article. The main conclusions are that the concept "heaven" in Chinese philosophy acquires special representations, which are closely connected with the religious component in the culture of ancient China. In comparison with the concept "God" in European cultures, the concept "sky" has no personal realization, it symbolizes the supreme central deity. With the development of temporality the concept "sky" is presented with new meanings and values. The novelty of the research consists in the fact that, for the first time using the analysis of collective representations of the concept "heaven" in the article, its meaning and lexical compatibility in modern Chinese language are described and the specificity of Chinese language thinking is revealed.
Keywords:
concept, Chinese linguoculturology, language picture of the world, human consciousness, archetypal representations, Chinese philosophy, core lexemes, mental differences, specifics of language thinking, semantic field
Reference:
Shamaeva A.E..
"Benevolence has oil on the tip, cursing has blood"
// Litera.
2022. № 12.
P. 75-82.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2022.12.39401 EDN: ZWYHQL URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=39401
Abstract:
In this article, the Yakut and Mongolian proverbs (yak. algys baһa syalaah, kyrys baһa haannaah (lit. the benevolence has fat (oil) at the tip, the curse has blood), and mong. erөөliin үzүүrt tos, kharaalyn үzүүrt tsus (letters. benevolence has oil on the tip, curses have blood)) with a common semantics, “a blessing responds with kindness, a curse with blood" are presented as structural and semantic analogues. The subject of the study is word-by-word translation, which allows you to reveal a whole system of interactions and norms of behavior, reflecting the unique worldview positions of speakers of the studied languages. Each component of the proverbs is considered from the point of view of linguistic affiliation. Comparative material from other Turkic and Mongolian languages is given. The words are considered in the context of ethnographic data. The scientific novelty of this work consists in the fact that for the first time the lexical compositions of the Yakut and Mongolian proverbs-parallels are considered in it. It is established that the proverbs in question are complete parallels. All the components of the lexeme of the Yakut proverb algys baһa syalaah, kyrys baһa haannaah (lit. the benevolence has oil on the tip, the curse has blood) are etmologized on the material of the Turkic languages, and the Mongolian proverbs erөөliyn үzүrt tos, kharaalyn үzүүrt tsus (lit. the result of benevolence is oil, the result of a curse is blood) go back to Mongolian roots. At the same time, each word reveals to a certain extent the general specific features of the culture of these peoples. Such proverbs-parallels could arise only in conditions of prolonged contact between the ancestors of the Yakuts and Mongols.
Keywords:
Mongolian languages, belief, proverbs, curse, Mongolian language, Yakut language, algys, mongol loan words, Yakut-Mongolian parallels, Turkic languages
Reference:
Linko A.V..
On the Classification of Ancient Greek Toponyms (based on the Material of Ancient Toponyms of the Cilician Plain)
// Litera.
2022. № 10.
P. 7-16.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2022.10.38888 EDN: FMYTHY URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=38888
Abstract:
The article is devoted to the methods of classification of ancient toponyms from the point of view of their external and internal structure. The first paragraph of the article gives a brief outline of the history of the issue. Despite the generally large number of works devoted to individual problems of ancient Greek toponymy or individual toponyms, only a few works in both domestic and foreign scientific historiography are devoted to the study of ancient Greek toponymy as a system from a philological point of view. The object of research in this article is the problems of creating a common word-formation-semantic classification of ancient Greek geographical names as a whole. The subject of the study is the ancient toponyms of the Cilician plain (Greek. Κιλικία πεδιάς) – low plains in the south of modern Turkey. Among the toponyms of Plain Cilicia, geographical names of ancient Greek and Latin origin (24 ancient Greek and 5 Latin names) were selected and analyzed for morphological structure and semantic features. Special attention is paid to the problems of etymologization of toponyms and the indication of centuries of fixation. The classification of ancient Greek toponyms, proposed in a 1965 article by the Swiss Hellenist Ernst Risch, is taken as a basis. The results of the study are presented in a table reflecting the four main word-formation types of ancient Greek toponyms in diachrony.
Keywords:
hellenization, composites and juxtaposites, diachrony, classification of toponyms, etymology, semantics, ancient toponymy, word - formation type, the ancient Greek language, Cilician Plain
Reference:
Stefanchikov I.V..
Comparisons with Greek as a Tool for Asserting the Prestige of the Castilian Language in Golden Age Spain
// Litera.
2022. № 10.
P. 17-29.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2022.10.39009 EDN: FGHIPI URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=39009
Abstract:
The article addresses the subject of the use of Greek in the apologiae for Castilian (Spanish) language, drawing upon the key Spanish scientific treatises, and literary texts of the Spanish Golden Age (end of the 15th — first half of the 17th centuries), which mention Greek in an attempt to assert the prestige of Castilian. Particular attention is paid to the judgments about Greek and native languages expressed in the works of A. de Nebrija, J. de Valdés, C. de Villalón, F. de Medina, A. de Morales, F. de Quevedo, G. Correas and other writers and thinkers. Most studies in the field have always been primarily focused on the comparisons of Romance languages with their “mother”, Latin, while the use of Greek in the apologiae for Castilian has been a less frequent topic of study. The author comes to a conclusion that Greek invariably acts as the highest reference point for the Spanish grammarians, philologists and thinkers (and as an arbitrator or, sometimes, an "ally" of Castilian), while the attitudes towards Latin evolve over the course of the 15th–17th centuries.
Keywords:
Spanish national identity, language debate, apologia for Castilian, humanism, Spanish Golden Age, Greek, Ancient Greece, Spanish, Castilian, Latin
Reference:
Stefanchikov I.V., Davydov T., Gorshkov A.I..
Etymology and Adaptation of Loanwords in Greek: μοῦτζος / μοῦτσος and μουζακίτζης [L. Diac. hist. V 91–92] — Span. mozo? Pers. موزک? Arm. մուճակ? Slav. мѹжь?
// Litera.
2022. № 10.
P. 30-49.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2022.10.39015 EDN: FAXQPU URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=39015
Abstract:
The object of our research is the problem of the integration of Spanish, Persian, Armenian and Slavic loanwords into the Greek language, while the subject is the etymology of μοῦτζος / μοῦτσος and μουζακίτζης. Special attention is paid to the problems of etymology and the nuances of dictionary entries throughout various time periods and source languages. It can be stated that the loanwords originated from various spheres of human activity, such as: seafaring, commerce, warfare, politics and government. We take in account both linguistic peculiarities and the usage context of μουζακίτζης, which is a hapax legomenon in Leo Deaconus’s Historia. The main conclusion of the study is that the most plausible version of the origin of μουζακίτζης is the Persian one (from موزک mūzak). We also provide solid counter-evidence against the Irano-Armenian and Slavic versions. The Spanish etymology of μοῦτζος / μοῦτσος (← mozo) is confirmed, possibly via Italian mozzo. The novelty of the study consists summarizing of the lexicological and lexicographic descriptions of the analyzed words and in the systematization of Byzantine and Modern Greek anthroponymy containing the Μο(υ)ζακ- element, as well as in the proposed conjecture into the text of Leo Deaconus’s edition, which assumes capitalization (Μουζακίτζης instead of μουζακίτζης). The relevance of the study is determined by the analysis of the loanword borrowing into the lexical fund of the Greek language within the context of the multilingualism of the Byzantine Empire, including the use of vocabulary, which has so far received insufficient attention in linguistics.
Keywords:
Byzantine Empire, multilingualism, etymology, loanwords, Proto-Slavic, Armenian, Persian, Spanish, Greek, Leo Diaconus
Reference:
Borunov A.B., Gereikhanova K.F., Shuiskaya Y.V..
Praesens Historicum as a stylistic method of removing Gender opposition in B. Akunin's detectives (based on the material of the works "Decorator" and "Sulazhin")
// Litera.
2022. № 9.
P. 142-148.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2022.9.37463 EDN: MFLOPI URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=37463
Abstract:
The subject of the study is the use of the form praesens historicum ("the present historical") in texts in modern Russian. The object of the study is the function of the present historical, which has not been previously investigated in Russian science – its use as a tool for neutralizing gender opposition in texts written in the first person. B. Akunin's texts are used as the research material, in which the function of playing with the reader is realized with the help of praesens historicum. The authors consider in detail such aspects of the topic as the functioning of this form in the texts of the original genre, as well as its use as a factor of detective intrigue. The main conclusions of the study are the following. The praesens historicum form makes it possible to neutralize gender opposition by drawing a demarcation line between the narrator as a subject and the narrator as an object. Accordingly, in the text of a detective work, this allows you to strengthen the game with the reader, since both male and female characters can act as a potential suspect. In the experimental text "Sulazhin", the use of the real historical allows you to increase the number of plot options. The novelty of the research lies in the identification of the neutralization of gender opposition as a cycle-forming motive and a means of uniting the "Akunin universe" into a single textual whole.
Keywords:
plot, playing with reader, detective, Akunin, gender, Praesens historicum, The present historical, stylistic device, experimental text, Sulazhin
Reference:
Li X..
Complex Words of the Coronavirus Era in Russian and Chinese: Word-formation Aspect
// Litera.
2022. № 9.
P. 149-158.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2022.9.38592 EDN: MHFUNK URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=38592
Abstract:
The object of the study is the changes occurring in the vocabulary of the Russian and Chinese languages in the era of coronavirus, and the subject is complex words describing new realities during the pandemic of the new coronavirus infection COVID–19, and the mechanisms of their creation. The material for the analysis was scientific sources in Russian and Chinese, from which 48 complex words formed in various ways were selected by the method of target sampling. Among them are 34 Russian words formed by addition, as well as addition or fusion in combination with suffixation; 14 Chinese lexemes formed by methods of addition, definition using suffixation and control. The purpose of the work is to determine the regularities of the formation of complex words of the type under study in two typologically different languages and to identify their similarities and differences. Special attention is paid to the comparison of word-formation mechanisms and the description of their similarities and differences in the two languages. In the work, along with general scientific methods of observation, analysis and synthesis, the following research methods were used: descriptive method, lexico-grammatical commentary, method of component analysis and comparative analysis. The results of the study show that due to the pragmatic needs for the designation of new phenomena, objects, actions, feelings, etc. A number of words have appeared in Russian and Chinese, which is currently defined as "coronalexica". The main conclusions of the study are the revealed phonetic, morphological and syntactic differences in the mechanisms of formation of complex words in two languages. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time a comparative analysis of the vocabulary of the coronavirus era in the word-formation aspect is carried out on the material of the Russian and Chinese languages, while the interpretations of new words are given.
Keywords:
Chinese language, Russian language, component analysis, comparative analysis, governance, modification, addition, word formation, compound words, vocabulary of the coronavirus
Reference:
Li O.D..
Derivative Preposition "V Protivoves": Constructions and Specifics of Functioning
// Litera.
2022. № 9.
P. 159-168.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2022.9.38729 EDN: MRJIBD URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=38729
Abstract:
The article is devoted to the study of the function word «v protivoves» (counterweight). The subject of the research is syntactic and functional properties of the studied linguistic unit. Because of the processes of lexicalization and grammaticalization, the class of functional words is constantly replenished with special syntactic and functions words, which increases the relevance of this study. The aim of this article is to analyze prepositional constructions from the point of view of their structure and component composition as well as to describe the peculiarities of these syntactic structures functioning in a sentence and a text. The descriptive method and a corpus method of collecting and processing material were used. As a result of the study, it was found that the preposition forms adversarial relations between the components of constructions of two types - two-components and three-components. Components distributors participate in the formation of opposition relations. The preposition and the component it introduces create a complication of the sentence − additional predicativity. In the text, the preposition and anaphoric pronoun forms the relationship of opposition between the parts of the text, it is text-forming function.
Keywords:
syntactic relations, syntactic features, syntax, opposition, antithesis, semantics, v protivoves, syntactic construction, preposition, function word
Reference:
Li M..
Linguocultural Conditionality of the Use of Euphemisms of the Thematic Group «Death» in Russian and Chinese Proverbs
// Litera.
2022. № 9.
P. 169-177.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2022.9.38830 EDN: MJGOXI URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=38830
Abstract:
The article is devoted to the theoretical aspects of the problem of expressing linguocultural features, value orientations and aspects of the development of the linguocultural potential of euphemisms of the thematic group «death» in Russian and Chinese proverbs. The purpose of the study was to identify the specifics of the use of euphemisms of the thematic group «death» in Russian and Chinese proverbs in the context of the linguocultural conditionality of euphemisms. The object of the study is the euphemisms of the thematic group «death» in Russian and Chinese proverbs. The subject of the research is linguocultural features and linguocultural potential of euphemisms of the thematic group «death» in Russian and Chinese proverbs. The study used methods of analysis of scientific research literature, linguoculturological analysis of language units, structural and comparative analysis; descriptive methods, including sampling and analysis of linguistic material, etc. The main conclusions of the study are: euphemisms of the thematic group under study do not have the same expression in Russian and Chinese, since these ethnic groups are characterized by a non-identical worldview (in the field of axiology, philosophy, religion); aspects of the development of the linguocultural potential of euphemisms are due to the specifics of the ethnocultural attitude to this phenomenon. The author's special contribution to the study of the topic is to identify the specifics of the value orientations of the euphemisms of the thematic group «death», which are defined through oppositions that objectify ideas about this phenomenon. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time an analysis of the euphemisms of the thematic group «death» was carried out in the framework of identifying their linguocultural conditionality, value orientations, as well as the linguocultural potential in Russian and Chinese proverbs.
Keywords:
value orientations, linguocultural potential, euphemisms, Russian and Chinese, linguocultural conditioning, death theme group, taboo words, proverbs, language elements, realities
Reference:
Tyurin P.M..
Features of the Functioning and Semantics of the Textual Bond "bolee togo" [moreover]
// Litera.
2022. № 9.
P. 178-187.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2022.9.38843 EDN: MMWMIU URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=38843
Abstract:
The article is devoted to the analysis of the semantics and features of the functioning of the textual bond "bolee togo" [moreover]. The aim of the work was to identify the specifics of the functioning of this textual bond, taking into account its semantic features in texts of various functional styles and genres. Moreover, the following research methods have been applied to comprehend the features of semantics and functioning of the textual bond: the traditional descriptive method, including methods of observation, generalization and systematization of linguistic phenomena, and the method of contextual analysis. The methodological basis of the research was the works in the field of syntax of the modern Russian language, including the works of representatives of the Far Eastern syntactic school in the field of service words. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time a detailed analysis of the functioning of textual bond "bolee togo" [moreover] in modern literary texts, texts of mass media, blogs, Internet comments, information and reference and other resources. It is established that textual bond "bolee togo" [moreover] has a two-element morphological structure with a contact arrangement of elements. These elements make up the semantic base of the textual bond, because its own semantics is based on them – "something more important than what was said earlier." It is revealed that the textual bond "bolee togo" [moreover] has a fairly free scope of action. Its left and right context can make up several statements or paragraphs, but the whole text cannot become the context of the textual bond. In addition, this textual bond can function in the format of a textual bond-phrase and interact with co-ordinating conjunction, but we have not found any cases of interaction with other textual bonds. The results of this study should become the basis for a comprehensive lexicographic description of the textual bond "bolee togo" [moreover] in the "Dictionary of service words of the Russian language".
Keywords:
means of syntactic relation, textual bond-phrase, textual bond, service word, contextual modifications, coherence of the text, linguistics of the text, bolee togo [moreover], syntactic construction, semantics of the service word
Reference:
Ulanskii E.A..
On the main metarule of the Sanskrit grammar of Pāṇini
// Litera.
2022. № 8.
P. 259-270.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2022.8.38514 EDN: YOVERI URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=38514
Abstract:
The subject of this study is the most famous and most frequently used metarule of the Sanskrit grammar "Aṣṭādhyāyī" compiled by the ancient Indian linguist Pāṇini. This metarule is called "bahiraṅgaparibhāṣā" and serves to determine the correct sequence of grammatical operations prescribed in the "Aṣṭādhyāyī". The material of the study are various interpretation of the bahiraṅgaparibhāṣā in Sanskrit commentaries on the "Aṣṭādhyāyī", as well as in the collections of metarules compiled by Sanskrit grammarians. The purpose of the work is to acquaint the Russian-speaking reader with the most important interpretative tool of the grammar of Panini — bahiraṅgaparibhāṣā, as well as with the history of the interpretation of this metarule in Sanskrit grammatical literature. The research method is a comparative analysis of Sanskrit primary sources containing interpretations of the bahiraṅgaparibhāṣā. For the first time in the Russian-language literature, a detailed analysis of the bahiraṅgaparibhāṣā has been made. The history of the origin of this metarule and its interpretation by Sanskrit grammarians has been studied. The signs of acquaintance of Panini with bahiraṅgaparibhāṣā are investigated. It is shown that, despite the widespread use of this metarule, the mechanism of its application was not explicitly described until the XVIII century AD, when this problem was completely solved by the grammarian Nāgojībhaṭṭa in his work "Paribhāṣenduśekhara". It is established that one of the main achievements of Nāgojībhaṭṭa was the strict definition of the concepts of antaraṅga and bahiraṅga — the most important elements of the statement of bahiraṅgaparibhāṣā.
Keywords:
metarule, interpretative rule, paribhāṣā, antaraṅga, bahiraṅga, sūtra, Aṣṭādhyāyī, Pāṇini, sanskrit, Nāgojībhaṭṭa
Reference:
Lyu V..
Theory and practice of simultaneous Russian-Chinese translation teaching for Chinese students
// Litera.
2022. № 6.
P. 22-34.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2022.6.38096 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=38096
Abstract:
The purpose of the study is to make special exercises for Chinese students who study simultaneous translation from Russian to Chinese, based on the classical Soviet theory of translation and comparative linguistics. At the moment of simultaneous translation a transformation of a different language system is necessary. Russian language at the level of phonetics, syntax, vocabulary, etc. is very different from the Chinese language — Chinese students inevitably encounter a number of language barriers. The relevance of the research is due to the rapid growth of the need for highly qualified Russian-Chinese simultaneous interpreters against the background of the development of the "One Belt, One Road" program. To overcome such problems, special exercises are required to cultivate the skills and abilities of searching and making translation in conditions of a tight time limit. In order to achieve this research goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: firstly, to formulate the purpose of teaching simultaneous Russian-Chinese translation from the point of view of A. F. Shiryaev; secondly, to compile a series of simultaneous translation exercises based on comparative linguistics.
Keywords:
distance exercises, the need for translators, Belt and Road, overcoming language barriers, chinese students, comparative linguistics, soviet translation theory, simultaneous interpretation, Russian, special exercises
Reference:
Wang S..
Analysis of the lexico-semantic group "day/昼夜" in Russian and Chinese linguocultures
// Litera.
2022. № 6.
P. 14-21.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2022.6.38042 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=38042
Abstract:
The article is an analysis of the lexico-semantic group, which is an important part of the study of semantics. The relevance of the research topic is due to the great research significance and value of studying linguoculture in various national language pictures of the world. The day as a part of time is the main key concept for the study of time, and the study of time for the analysis of differences and similarities between the language and culture of different countries and peoples has become a hot topic for scientists of the linguistic community. The purpose of the work is to consider the specific differences and similarities between the lexemes "day" of the Russian and Chinese languages by highlighting the lexico-semantic group. The article also analyzes the term "day" in order to identify differences in the linguistic worldview of different nationalities. As the main methods of analysis and research, the component method was used, which allows a deeper and more detailed interpretation of the lexeme "day" and its lexico-semantic group in two language pictures of the world. The scientific novelty of the work is to identify the differences and similarities between the Russian and Chinese languages and culture through the reflection of various details and a detailed analysis of the lexico-semantic group with the allocation of the "measurement of time", "movement of the sun and moon", "human activity" in it. The differences and similarities in the perception of time by a person in different linguistic pictures of the world are demonstrated.
Keywords:
language picture of the world, Chinese language, Russian language, semantic field, lexico-semantic group, time measurement, day, similarity, difference, linguocultures
Reference:
Chen X..
Comparative features of Russian and Chinese paremiological texts in linguistic and cultural aspects
// Litera.
2022. № 6.
P. 217-226.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2022.6.38093 EDN: RILEMA URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=38093
Abstract:
The subject of the research is the specificity of the implementation of Russian and Chinese paremiological texts in the language picture of the world (which is conditioned by the national and linguocultural peculiarities of the Russian and Chinese languages). The object of the research is Russian and Chinese paremias as a reflection of the linguocultural dominants of Russia and China. The author examines in detail the aspects of the perception of paremiological texts in Russian and Chinese in a comparative aspect. Author reveals the concept of paremiological texts as a representation of the stereotypes of national consciousness, reflecting the accumulated experience, history, features of thinking and perception of the world. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of paremias in the context of socio-historical knowledge, material and spiritual culture, thinking of the Russian and Chinese peoples. The main conclusions of the study are: definition of paremias as significant elements of the language, reflecting the national cultural code; establishing a connection between paremiological texts and cultural and behavioral attitudes, creative and cognitive activities, as well as philosophy, etc. The author's special contribution to the study of the topic is to identify the features of Russian and Chinese paremias: in particular, it is noted that Russian paremias are conditioned by their attachment to everyday life, everyday observations; Chinese – associated with philosophy, allegorical understanding of social and everyday phenomena. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time in the framework of identifying the specifics of Russian and Chinese paremias in the language picture of the world, a number of little-studied concepts were considered. These concepts determine the features of the representation of national and linguocultural dominants of Russia and China.
Keywords:
paremiospatial space, extralinguistic factors, proverbs and sayings, paremiological text, concept, national consciousness, linguistic culture, national cultural code, language picture of the world, paremias
Reference:
Du X..
Forenization and domestication as basic strategies of translation from Russian into Chinese (on the example of the works of A. P. Chekhov)
// Litera.
2022. № 6.
P. 227-238.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2022.6.38108 EDN: RLGKZB URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=38108
Abstract:
The subject of the study is the specifics of the implementation of oppositional translation strategies: forenization and domestication, which contribute to the adequate translation of a literary text from Russian into Chinese, including the elimination of interlanguage lacunae. The object of the study is the artistic works of A. P. Chekhov and their translations into Chinese. The author examines in detail the aspects of the choice of unified methods and approaches to the elimination of interlanguage gaps that arise when translating the works of A. P. Chekhov into Chinese; examines the dependence of this choice on the specifics of the lacuna: stylistic / nominative, lexical / grammatical, etc. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of interlanguage lacunae in the translations of the works of A. P. Chekhov in the context of motivation / unmotivation. The main conclusions of the study are to determine the specifics of the implementation of forenization and domestication during the translation of the works of A. P. Chekhov into Chinese. In particular, it is noted that the strategy of domestication is used to eliminate lacunae: grammatical motivated, lexical compensated motivated, etc.; the strategy of forenization to eliminate lacunae: lexical vacant motivated, stylistic motivated, etc. The author's special contribution to the research of the topic is to identify the features of the use of strategies during the translation of a literary text due to eventual conditions, therefore, it is argued that it is inappropriate to unify the ways of eliminating language inconsistencies. The scientific novelty of the study is that for the first time in the framework of considering the implementation of oppositional translation strategies: forenization and domestication, the features of eliminating interlanguage gaps during the translation of works by A. P. Chekhov of the Russian language into Chinese were presented.
Keywords:
adaptation, translatology, cultural realities, elimination, lacunarity, interlanguage gaps, artistic text, translation strategies, domestication, forenization
Reference:
Янь X..
The relationship between language and dictionary
// Litera.
2022. № 5.
P. 213-220.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2022.5.37920 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=37920
Abstract:
The language influences the content of the dictionary. The content of the dictionary reflects the current language situation, and the structure of the dictionary to some extent reflects the structure of the language. Language is a carrier of culture, inheriting its values and at the same time enriching it. It can be said that there can be no culture or history of mankind without language. On the other hand, language, being a reflection of culture, depends on the latter and has to face the limitations that culture puts in front of it in each specific case. A dictionary is a native speaker who records and transmits a language within a certain historical and cultural background. At the same time, the object of dictionary is the language, the type and characteristics of the dictionary largely depend on the language. The subject of this article is the Chinese language and various Chinese dictionaries. The methods of research are induction, analysis. The novelty lies in the fact that this article is the first attempt to analyze the relationship between dictionaries and languages, and in this article many iconic Chinese dictionaries are listed from a historical point of view, and they are analyzed to summarize the relationship between dictionaries and languages. And conclusions are drawn about the existence of relationships between dictionaries and languages that influence each other and contribute to mutual development, and the structure of the dictionary reflects the structure of the language. Clarifying the relationship between languages and dictionaries can also provide a meaningful practical foundation for language learners.
Keywords:
reflection of culture, language structures, Chinese, the bearer of culture, dictionary system, dictionary structures, dictionary contents, chinese dictionary, history of mankind, rhyme dictionary
Reference:
Koshevskaya A.Y..
«Vicious» or «selected»? The linguosemantics of dispondee ending in Cicero's In Catilinam
// Litera.
2022. № 5.
P. 1-8.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2022.5.37897 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=37897
Abstract:
This article is devoted to the study of "heavy" clauses, i.e. the rhythmics of dyspondee [– – – x], molossus and spondee [– – – – x] and creticus and molossus [– ᴗ – – – x ] at the end of the period in classical Latin prose on the material of Cicero's speeches "Against Catilina". The first paragraph, containing a brief outline of the history of the study of metric clauses, is generally devoted to two different approaches to the study of such rhythmic structures, namely the method of A. Bornecque, who called such clauses "vicious" and subjected some of them to conjuncture, and the teaching of Th. Zielinski, who distinguished them into a special class of "selected". As a result, the question of an alternative approach to the study of clauses is raised. В The second paragraph contains an analysis of the dyspondean clauses in Cicero's speeches "Against Catilina" regarding the frequency and place of their use in pericopes; the analysis uses a new methodology for studying the rhythm of prose developed by the author of the article. The relatively high frequency of heavy clauses indicates their essential role in the rhythmic organization of the text, and Cicero's desire to avoid such clauses at the end of super-phrasal units indicates their associative connection with the continuation of thought. Based on the data obtained, conclusions are drawn about the specific role of "heavy" clauses in the logical division of the text, which indicates the truth of Zielinski's theory.
Keywords:
Catilinaria, Cicero, linguosemantics, moloss, spondee, latin metric, latin prosody, the rhythm of prose, Latin language, clauses
Reference:
Wang S..
Comparison of the concept of "winter" in Russian and Chinese linguistic cultures
// Litera.
2022. № 4.
P. 9-18.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2022.4.37640 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=37640
Abstract:
The article examines the interpretation of the concept of winter in Russian and Chinese linguistic cultures, analyzes and compares the similarities and differences of the same concept in different linguistic worldviews, analyzes the linguistic expression of the concept of "winter" in order to study the lexical and semantic field in different cultures and its paradigmatic ordering. Russian Russian and Chinese languages, despite the differences in word formation, there is a similarity in the semantic paradigm, and the basic meaning of the concept of winter is seasonal in both Russian and Chinese, but there is a noticeable difference in the formation of lexico-semantic groups, although the concept of "winter" is universal. Russian Russian language pictures of the world, and the purpose of the comparison is to identify similarities and differences in the concept of winter and to characterize the features of lexico-semantic groups in the Chinese and Russian language pictures of the world. Therefore, the main attention in the article is paid to the separation of lexico-semantic groups of the expression "winter" as a conceptual word in the Chinese and Russian language pictures of the world, and the purpose of the comparison is to identify similarities and differences in the concept of winter and to characterize the features of lexico-semantic groups in the Chinese and Russian language pictures of the world. Russian Russian and Chinese concepts of winter are essentially the same, but the perception of winter by the Russian and Chinese peoples in different historical and cultural contexts is significantly different. And the novelty of the research lies in the fact that the uniqueness and peculiarity of the concept of winter are considered in the aspect of lexico-semantic groups in different linguistic pictures of the world.
Keywords:
etymological dictionary, lexico-semantic group, semantic field, language picture of the world, Chinese language, Russian, winter, concept, semantic dictionary, linguistic culture
Reference:
Shmakova A.V..
How is the translation of English fairy tales born in the aspect of intercultural communication
// Litera.
2022. № 4.
P. 1-8.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2022.4.37682 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=37682
Abstract:
The relevance of the research topic is due to the increased interest in fairy tales within various directions and approaches, which is associated with the loss of low-quality stigma in children's literature compared to works intended for adults. Within the framework of translation theory, the main attention is paid to the peculiarities of the transfer of linguistic and stylistic features of children's literature and other translation difficulties. The purpose of the study is to identify patterns of transmission of national and cultural identity in the translation of fairy tales. Fairy tales from the collections "Pack from the Magic Hills" and "Gifts of fairies" by R. Kipling are considered. A linguistic and cultural analysis is carried out, the used translation transformations are highlighted.The subject of the study is the general trends in the treatment of elements of foreign culture when translating English fairy tales into Russian. В The scientific novelty lies in the analysis of translation from the position of adaptation of culturally colored elements for children. It is revealed that cultural adaptation is often made, which is not required for adult works. The results of the study demonstrate that in the process of translating English fairy tales, a balance is being sought between introducing children to another culture and the need to adapt the material for ease of perception by the audience. When translating for children, translation transformations are actively used, bringing culturally colored elements closer to familiar ones or simplifying their understanding, which is not always required for an adult audience. The way of handling labeled elements depends on their plot and ideological significance, cultural value and level of fame, the context of use, the chosen translation strategy and other factors.
Keywords:
cultural adaptation, translation strategies, national and cultural identity, intercultural communication, translation theory, translation of fairy tales, Kipling, translation for children, the reader is a child, translation transformations
Reference:
Giniyatullina L.M..
Features of parallel connection between sentences of a complex syntactic whole (using the example of the Tatar language)
// Litera.
2022. № 4.
P. 103-110.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2022.4.37760 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=37760
Abstract:
The article is devoted to the analysis of the features of parallel communication between sentences of complex syntactic integers. The relevance of the study is determined by the absence in Tatar linguistics of a methodology for analyzing a complex syntactic whole in the aspect of the unity of the plans of its content and expression. The purpose of this study is to get an idea about the features of parallel communication between sentences of a complex syntactic whole, about the structure of this syntactic unit. The object of the study is a complex syntactic whole as an independent syntactic unit having a specific structure and functions in the Tatar language. The subject of the study is complex syntactic integers in which a parallel connection is established between sentences. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that the article comprehensively analyzes the means of communication, determines the status of a complex syntactic whole as an independent syntactic unit based on the identified features of its structure. As a result of the study, indicators of parallel communication in complex syntactic integers of the Tatar language, features of narrative, descriptive complex syntactic integers were revealed. The practical significance of the research is determined by the demand for information about the structure and functioning of a complex syntactic whole in the modern Tatar language. Solving the problem of the structure of the text and its forming units, including a complex syntactic whole, contributes to improving the theory and practice of producing and perceiving written texts.
Keywords:
artistic text, members of the proposals, parallel constructions, parallel communication, type of connection, a complex syntactic whole, syntax, Tatar language, media text, syntactic parallelism
Reference:
Solovyeva A., Shishkina T.G..
English military aviation terminology as the object of lexicography
// Litera.
2022. № 3.
P. 1-11.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2022.3.37547 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=37547
Abstract:
This article is dedicated to the English military aviation terminology and its characteristic, the analysis of which is essential for the development of special terminological dictionary. The goal lies in examination of the peculiarities of creation of the dictionary of English military aviation terminology. The author sets the task to analyze the key theoretical issues associated with the development of dictionaries; determine the stages of this process; consider these stages in the context of working on the dictionary of English military aviation terminology. The relevance of this topic is substantiated by the need for various types of terminological dictionaries, namely for the cadets of military aviation universities. The article explores the peculiarities and stages of creating the dictionary of English military aviation terminology. The research and practical lexicographic work lean on the scientific works of Russian and foreign scholars. The dictionary under development is the first attempt to create the terminological resource that incorporates the terms related to the operation of military aircraft (namely helicopters), and the characteristics of the ideographic dictionary and textbook. It will be supplemented with special academic and methodological complex.
Keywords:
terminology, english terminology, terminography, lexicography, military aviation terminology, dictionary, military aviation term, types of dictionaries, learner's dictionary, dictionary of terms
Reference:
Vei K., Sheremet'eva E.S..
A nameless relativ BY EXAMPLE: the degree of grammaticalization
// Litera.
2022. № 3.
P. 60-69.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2022.3.37615 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=37615
Abstract:
Abstract: In the article, in relation to the nameless relativ, one of the syntactic criteria for determining the degree of grammaticalization of a significant word is considered by EXAMPLE. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to determine the place of each derived unit of the service type in the language system. The object of research is a prepositional unit BY EXAMPLE, which is included in the group of nominal relatives. The subject of our research is the degree of grammaticalization of the nameless relativ BY EXAMPLE. The purpose of the study is to determine the grammaticalization stage at which the nameless relativ is located BY EXAMPLE. The paper uses a descriptive method and a corpus method of collecting research material. The scientific novelty consists in the first described models of interaction of a prepositional-case combination, FOR example, with adjectives included in its composition. Based on the analysis of the linguistic material presented in the National Corpus of the Russian language, two main types of models have been established – with a pronominal and a non-nominal adjective. It is shown that a non-nominal adjective in such a model acts in two functions: the actant name function and the modifier function, which is typical for a significant number of similar structures with other prepositional derived units. It is revealed that personal pronominal adjectives also indicate the name of the actor. It is determined that demonstrative pronominal adjectives do not have named functions. Their entry into the model indicates the absence of a service function in the combination FOR EXAMPLE. The article concludes that the nameless relativ, by example, is only at the initial stage of grammaticalization.
Keywords:
semantics, syntax, identity relations, modifier, actant, pronominal adjectives, the nameless relativ, derived preposition, service words, grammaticalization
Reference:
Lu Z..
Cultural and connotative information of some verbal phraseological units with the abstract substantive thought
// Litera.
2022. № 3.
P. 78-86.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2022.3.37647 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=37647
Abstract:
The article is devoted to the consideration of some verbal phraseological units in which the semantic component of thought is performed by the subject of action. In such phraseological units, the thought is combined with such verbs as to return / to return, to be carried away / to be carried away, to flow, to sink / to fall. The article adopts a linguoculturological approach to the study of such phraseological units. In this article we understand phraseology, following V.N. Telia, as a unit characterized by stability, reproducibility, idiomaticity [Telia 1996: 56], when analyzing phraseological units, a linguoculturological approach to research and lexicographic description developed by V.N. Telia and other authors in the "Great Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language" is used [2017]. For our analysis, we have selected phraseological units that are represented in the National Corpus of the Russian Language (https://ruscorpora.ru/new /), including the abstract noun thought, which performs the function of the subject of action.Summing up, we can draw the following conclusions: 1) In the analyzed FE, thought independently performs various actions, moves freely in space, is beyond human control; 2) All the FE presented in this article, in general, correlate with the anthropic code of culture, and taking into account this opposition, with the spatial one. And all FE, taking into account the verbal components, still correlate with the activity code of culture. 3) The image of all FE is created by a metaphor that likens thought to a moving object or object that moves freely in space, does not depend on the will of an individual; 4) The metaphorically figurative basis of the units analyzed by us as a whole reflects a stereotypical idea of the process of mental activity beyond the control of a person.
Keywords:
stability, reproducibility, idiomatic, a form of awareness of the world, thought, linguistic and cultural analysis, cultural and connotative information, phraseological unit, culture code, stereotype representation
Reference:
Gilemshin F.F..
Features of the use of pronouns in Tatar works of the kyssa genre of the second half of the XIX – early XX century
// Litera.
2022. № 2.
P. 82-90.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2022.2.37391 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=37391
Abstract:
This article is devoted to the analysis of pronouns that are used in Tatar translated works related to the kissa genre. The object of our research is texts published in the second half of the XIX – early XX century in the Tatar language, which had a serious impact on the formation of the norms of the modern Tatar literary language. In the texts of the works of the kissa genre, personal pronouns are widely represented, and differ in phonetic variability. The parallel use of two or three forms in the language of one work can be explained by the writer's desire to find the most acceptable form close to the vernacular language. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the functioning of pronouns in the texts of Kyss were not the object of special scientific works in Tatar philology. The analysis was carried out using descriptive, comparative-historical methods. The material for the analysis was selected by the continuous sampling method. The results of the study allow us to conclude that in the texts of the kyssa pronouns are represented by Turkic-Tatar lexemes and differ in ambiguity. Within the framework of one work, the lexemes of the vernacular and Old Tatar written language are used, thereby demonstrating the peculiarities of the formation of the modern Tatar literary language. As a result of the analysis of the functional features of pronouns, it turned out that the authors operated on a wide range of pronoun semantics common in the Tatar spoken language.
Keywords:
phonetic variation, morphological features, pronoun, Tatar language, the kissa genre, Kalila and Dimna, Kayum Nasyri, Abugalisina, Tutyname, token
Reference:
Arsentyeva Y.S..
Cognitive Strategies of Transformational Use of English Phraseological Euphemisms in Linguistic Experiment
// Litera.
2022. № 2.
P. 91-97.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2022.2.37445 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=37445
Abstract:
Cognitive strategies of occasional transformational use of English phraseological euphemisms in linguistic experiment are subject to consideration. The purpose of the study is to determine the cognitive strategies of the occasional use of phraseological euphemisms. The subject of the research: the types of cognitive strategies, which are used in ocasional transformations of English phraseological euphemisms, the study of which was performed after the literature survey and a brief description of the linguistic experiment. Research methods: the method of phraseological analysis developed by A.V. Kunin, which exists in two forms - phraseological identification and phraseological description, contextual analysis method, definitional analysis, component (seme) analysis. The novelty of the study: as a result of the linguistic experiment, for the first time, cognitive strategies of the transformational use of English phraseological euphemisms, combining the characteristic features of both phraseological and euphemistic nominations, were determined. Results of the study: two cognitive strategies were identified that are characteristic of all types of occasional use – informing strategy and the strategy of expressivization. Evaluation strategy is defined when using the addition of a component / components, insertion and replacement of a component / components; objectification strategy is revealed in the cleft use of euphemistic units; accentualization strategy when using phraseological reiteration, permutation and phraseological saturation of context. For the first time, we have singled out the strategy of cognitive deployment of the image, which is characteristic of the most complex types of occasional use of phraseological euphemisms, namely, phraseological pun, extended metaphor and phraseological allusion.
Keywords:
phraseological euphemism, occasional transformational use, linguistic experiment, cognitive strategies, informing strategy, strategy of expressivization, evaluation strategy, objectification strategy, strategy of accentualization, strategy of deployment of the image
Reference:
Breusova E.I., Rudneva O.V..
Reflection of orthographocentrism in dictations as a form of input control
// Litera.
2022. № 2.
P. 38-44.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2022.2.37512 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=37512
Abstract:
This article is prepared at the intersection of several branches of science, reflecting one of the problems of Russian language teaching techniques through the prism of metalanguage consciousness of the native speakers. The subject of this research is the reflection of the signs of orthographocentrism in dictation as a form of control. The object is dictation as a form of control. The article aims to prove that dictation as a form of input control manifests orthographocentrism as one of the presumptions of metalanguage consciousness of the native speakers. The analysis of dictation results written by the first-year students of non-philological specialty in the beginning of the academic year, once again confirms that this type of control is only the spelling literacy level check of the students, rather than their communicative competencies. The main conclusions are as follows: dictation does not detect the level of formation of communication skills of the school graduates thar are essential for training and effective interaction in society overall. Dictation tests the level of orthographic (and punctuation) literacy. The analysis of dictations indicated that besides the familiar types of errors, they may contain incorrect spellings that are outside the traditional classification methods for teaching the Russian language. Spelling errors should be considered as communicative hindrances within the communication structure, since orthography as the language section can be presented in the communicative aspect. In this regard, the existing classifications of errors can be revised, so are the criteria and evaluation of students' written tests.
Keywords:
quality of good speech, correctness of speech, literacy, input control, dictation, spelling, orphographic centers, students, spelling mistakes, communication interference
Reference:
Afshar M..
Transformations in linguocultural image of Persia in the novel “The Death of Vazir-Mukhtar” by Yury Tynyanov in comparison with “The Travel Notes” by A. S. Griboyedov
// Litera.
2021. № 12.
P. 158-167.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2021.12.37007 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=37007
Abstract:
The subject of this research is the lexical means of creation of the linguocultural image of Persia in the novel “The Death of Vazir-Mukhtar” by Yury Tynyanov in comparison with “The Travel Notes” by A. S. Griboyedov The goal is to reveal the patterns of creation of linguoculturological image of Persia. For achieving the set goal, the lexical means are classified into lexical-semantic groups and subjected to semantic analysis. The article explores the lexical-semantic groups: nonequivalent lexicon (realias); proper names, including toponyms and anthroponyms; and common nouns that denote cultural realities, particularly denominations of people, place, holidays and calendar events, and artifacts. The scientific novelty consists in diachronic research of the process of formation of the image of Persia. The main results lies in the proof that the linguoculturological image is formed on the basis of certain lexical-semantic constants. The analysis of lexical units indicated that the semantic groups of words with linguoculturological component in these two works coincide, but the linguocultural image of Iran created by Y. Tynyanov in the novel “The Death of Vazir-Mukhtar” 100 years after “The Travel Notes” by A. S. Griboyedov is expressed by a wide range and variety of thematic lexical groups. This fact is explained not only by the genre differences of the texts, but also by the fact that with the course of time, the linguoculturological image of the country changes; it develops around certain constants, the semantic core.
Keywords:
social terms, semantic group, words-realities, non-equivalent vocabulary, linguocultural image, Persia, semantics, semantic analysis, lexicon, image
Reference:
Asanova Z..
Compound Adjectives in the Linguistic Works of the XX – XXI Centuries (on the Material Crimean Tatar Language)
// Litera.
2021. № 12.
P. 168-173.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2021.12.37031 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=37031
Abstract:
This article is dedicated to the analysis of theoretical knowledge about compound adjectives in the Crimean Tatar language. The reviewed material allows determining the lacunae that serve as the basis for the study of compound adjectives. It is revealed that compound adjectives have not previously become the special subject of research; some information can be found in scientific works of the early XX century. Modern researchers outline the main methods of formation of compound adjectives, such as word composition and lexicaliziation of the phrase (sometimes combined with affixation); as well as determine compound adjectives with compositional and subordinating relations of the components.. The novelty of this work lies in carrying out a comprehensive analysis of the history of compound adjectives in the Crimean Tatar language. The conclusion is made that compound adjectives overall and their orthography in particular did not receive due attention in all grammars, which led to different interpretation of their spelling variations. Practical significance of this topic lies in the fact that the acquired results and materials can be used in the practice of teaching Crimean Tatar and other Turkic languages in secondary and higher schools.
Keywords:
compounding, synchronicity, diachrony, compound adjective, adjective, Crimean Tatar language, types of compound adjectives, the linguistic works, semantics, affix
Reference:
Karpova Y.A., Stefanchikov I.V..
On the origin of the Uruguayan voseo
// Litera.
2021. № 12.
P. 1-14.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2021.12.37094 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=37094
Abstract:
This article is dedicated to the origin of the phenomenon of voseo in the Uruguayan Spanish. Description is given to the evolution of the use of pronoun ‘vos’ and the corresponding verb forms in the Old Spanish and classical Spanish language, as well as to specificity of the development of the forms of voseo in Latin America (namely the process hybridization of the paradigm). Special attention is given to the spread of this linguistic phenomenon in the Río de la Plata, which includes the territory of modern Uruguay, in the context of the history of colonization. The author examines the theory of the two “norms” (urban and rural) to clarify the correlation between ‘tú’ and ‘vos’ in the Uruguayan Spanish of the XVIII – XXI centuries. This article is first within the Russian Spanish studies to examine the forms of address in the Uruguayan Spanish from the diachronic perspective, as up to the present it has rarely become the focus of attention of the Soviet and Russian philology. The following conclusions are formulated: 1) the key factor in wide spread occurrence of voseo in the Spanish language of America lies in the specificity of assimilation of the Spanish language by autochthonous and mixed population; 2) unlike Spain and some regions of America, the forms ‘vos’ prevalent Río de la Plata with the beginning of colonization have not been displaced by the form ‘tú’ due ti peripheral location of the territory and remoteness from cultural centers of the empire; 3) at the same time, the presence of tuteo was more noticeable in the cities, which led to the formation of two “norms” in the region – rural, characterized by voseo; and urban tuteo, which was oriented towards Pyrenean norm.
Keywords:
forms of address, dialectology, historical sociolinguistics, historical linguistics, Uruguayan Spanish, Uruguay, Latin America, Spanish, voseo, personal pronouns
Reference:
Shmakova A.V..
Transparency and mirroring of literary translations of fairy tales by the English writers
// Litera.
2021. № 11.
P. 1-8.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2021.11.36631 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=36631
Abstract:
The subject of this research is the English-Russian translation of fairy tales from the perspective of transparency and mirroring. The goal of this research is to determine the strategy for literary translation of the English fairy tales. Linguostylistic and comparative analysis is conducted on B. Zakhoder's translations of such fairy tales as “Alice in Wonderland” by L. Carroll, “Winnie the Pooh and All, All, All” by A. Milne, and “Mary Poppins” by P. Travers. The modern theory of translation largely focuses on the various aspects of equivalence and adequacy of the original and translated texts; describes the requirements for the quality of translation, including literary translation. Russian and foreign researchers show heightened attention to the concepts of transparency and mirroring in translation, namely literary translation of children's literature substantiated by the specificity of the target audience. The scientific novelty consists in application of the modern postulates of the theory of translation to children's literature, which broadens knowledge in this scientific field. The main conclusion lies in following the theory of translation transparency for the child reader in translation of children's literature. As a result of the analysis of B. Zakhoder’s translations of fairy tales by L. Carroll, A. Milne, and P. Travers into the Russian language, it is noted that they reflect the general patterns of translation children's fiction, take into account psychological characteristics of the audience, text is adapted to be comprehensible for children, considerable attention is given to the emotional component, expressiveness, and humor. Although B. Zakhoder’s translations are not the full interpretation, he follows the theory of transparency. Imaginative interpretation of the text demonstrates the specificity of translator’s individual style.
Keywords:
English fairy tale, Zakhoder, Author's tale, Idiostyle of a translator, English-Russian translation, Translation theory, Translation of children's literature, Literary translation, Mirroring, Transparency
Reference:
Yuan L..
Deliberate distortions of the concepts of “West” and “East” in media discourse
// Litera.
2021. № 11.
P. 219-226.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2021.11.36691 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=36691
Abstract:
This article dedicated to identification distortions in the traditional interpretations of the concepts of “West” and “East” in modern Russian media discourse. The goal lies in outlining separate aspects of distortion of these concepts and determination of causes for the emergence of such distortions in mass media discourse. The object of this research is the modern Russian media discourse that takes place in the online space. The subject is the distortions of media discourse. The article employs the analysis of scientific literature, linguoculturological text analysis, comparison and systematization of research results, continuous sampling, and keyword search. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that that this article is first to examine distortions of the concepts of “West” and “East”. It is revealed that the content of the concept of “West”, namely such aspects as modernity, progressiveness, development of new technologies, wealth, etc., are exposed to distortions the most; while the concept of “East” and its components, such as tradition, ancient civilization, despotism of state power, vestige of the past, impairment of rights of the women, and specific mode of living remain virtually unchanged. The conclusion is made that distortions of the concept of “West” and consistency of the concept of “East” in media discourse may be associated with the orientation of modern Russia towards Eastern civilization, as well deliberate opposition of Russia and the West presented in media discourse.
Keywords:
East, distortions, text, journalism, mass media, mass media discourse, discourse, West, concept, concept sphere
Reference:
Chelak E.A., Russu K.R., Filimonova N.V., Valieva L.F..
Linguocognitive modeling of the image of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug–Yugra (based on the data of federal mass media)
// Litera.
2021. № 10.
P. 156-168.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2021.10.36557 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=36557
Abstract:
This article is dedicated to the problem of linguocognitive modeling of image of the region in the context of modern globalization processes and territorial identification among other constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The data of federal mass media published over the period from January 1, 2015 to January 31, 2021 served as the material for this research. The relevance of this article is defined by the interest of modern science in the problems of structural organization, substantive characterization, and typological specification of the image of separate territorial entities. The application of linguocognitive approach reveals the implicit properties of the phenomenon “the image of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug–Yugra”, which is of crucial practical importance for representation of the region in the overall territorial arena of the Russian Federation. The conclusion is made on feasibility of constructing the linguistic image of the region based on its economic attractiveness (46%), cultural-historical attractiveness (17%), and spatial characteristics (11%). Each type of identification includes certain attributes of factual, associative, or symbolic nature. The scientific novelty lies in description of the conceptual model of regional linguistic space of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug–Yugra, as well as the external image of the region based on the acquired data. The general methodology for determining the conceptual framework of representations on the region can be extrapolated to the practice of other Russian regions and identification of the similar processes of image design. The research perspective is determined by expansion of the material, modeling of the internal linguistic image of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug–Yugra, and conducting comparative studies.
Keywords:
Yugra, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, linguistic image, image, regional imageology, imageology, region, media, modeling, cognitive linguistics
Reference:
Filimonova N.V., Russu K.R., Chelak E.A., Valieva L.F..
The political metaphor “Tyumen Matryoshka”: external linguistic image
// Litera.
2021. № 10.
P. 169-182.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2021.10.36559 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=36559
Abstract:
This article explores the functionality of political metaphor “Tyumen Matryoshka”. The research material contains the mass communication texts of the daily analytical newspaper, which a subsidiary of the “RosBusinessConsulting” media group (https://www.rbc.ru). The scientific novelty is defined by the need to examine and assess the external linguistic image of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug–Yugra through the metaphorical model. Analysis is conducted on the peculiarities of functionality of the political metaphor “Tyumen Matryoshka” based on the material of the regional mass media in the context of image identification of the region. Application of the set of techniques of linguocognitive modeling to description of the image of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug–Yugra reveals the structure of the object at hand, and allows concluding on its constructedness. Discursive analysis of the contexts determines 4 frames and 7 components that comprise the content of the political metaphor “Tyumen Matryoshka”. The acquired results prove the importance of practical typification of linguistic peculiarities of Yugra for the development of cultural and spiritual-moral potential, as well as integration of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug–Yugra into the global information and economic space. Discursive affinity of the obtained contexts is explained by the presence of metaphorical component "Tyumen Matryoshka" therein. The data acquired in the course of this study underlie the interdisciplinary, comparative, and typological research that would allow determining the general, the specific, and the unique in linguistic landscape of the region. The research perspective is dictated by the need for modeling the general linguistic image of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug–Yugra.
Keywords:
metaphor, the external image of the linguistic, region, Yugra, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, linguistic image, image, regional imageology, imageology, the political metaphor
Reference:
Liu M..
Conceptual reconsideration of nominations of limbs in the paremiological fund of the Chinese language
// Litera.
2021. № 9.
P. 97-106.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2021.9.36073 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=36073
Abstract:
This article is dedicated to reconsideration of nominations of limbs reflected in the phraseological fund of the Chinese language. The goal of this work consist in determination of the conceptual attributes of nominations of human limbs in the Chinese linguistic worldview by analyzing their linguistic representation in the paremiological fund of the language. The author leans on the vast theoretical material, gradually describing the key approaches towards the analysis of “bodily concepts” and the study of phraseologisms of the Chinese language in the conceptual paradigm. The author reveals several primary and secondary meanings of words that represent limbs in the Chinese language, demonstrating the interrelation between the origin of the word and the number of its secondary conceptual meanings. For example, the hieroglyph 脚 (foot) is the “youngest” and most commonly denominates part of the body. The article also proves the possibility of actualization of cognitive meanings of particular linguistic concepts through the analysis of paremias. Namely, the concept “arm” implies the meanings of “mastery”, “distance”, “tool” and “weapon”, while the concept “foot” – the meanings of “foundation”, “motion”, “prosperity”. The author comes to the conclusion that the ways of reconsideration of human body and its parts in descriptive and comparative terms of different cultures is one of the most effective instruments for cognizing the fundamental of the linguistic worldview.
Keywords:
arm concept, somatism, conceptual analysis, Conceptualization, Chinese worldview, rethinking of body parts, bodily concept, leg concept, phraseology, chengyu
Reference:
Xu M..
Nonverbal communication in the process of teaching Russian as a foreign language
// Litera.
2021. № 9.
P. 11-18.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2021.9.36113 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=36113
Abstract:
The command of nonverbal communication skills contributes to the establishment of interpersonal contact, creating a favorable atmosphere, including during the classes “Russian as a Foreign Language”. In the context of teaching Russian as a foreign language, nonverbal communication plays a significant role in the communication process. The subject of theis research is the peculiarities of nonverbal communication in the process of teaching Russian as a foreign language. The object of this research is the process of teaching Russian as a foreign language. The article employs comparative, descriptive and analytical methods of research. Methodology is based on the works of the Russian authors (T. A. Gridina, V. N. Kunitsyn, V. U. Nogaev, and others). Practical importance lies in applicability of the acquired results to the development of textbooks on the topic, as well as “Russian as a Foreign Language” classes. The author examines various aspects of nonverbal communication and determines the means that may complement verbalization, thereby improving the learning efficiency. The novelty of this paper consists in the attempt to broaden didactic methods of teaching Russian as a foreign language from the perspective of effectiveness of nonverbal means of communication as a didactic instrument. The conclusion is made that flexible use of nonverbal communication in teaching Russian as a foreign language may enhance motivation of students; improve the learning process alongside professional competencies of the pedagogue.
Keywords:
the role of non-verbal communication, posture, rhythmic and intonational characteristics of speech, sight, gesticulation, facial expression, non-verbal communication, non-verbal behavior, the effectiveness of teaching RFL, the implementation of feedback
Reference:
Komarova K.I..
Short and long forms of the adjectives in translations of the New Testament into the Old Slavonic and the language of Slovene booklore of the XVI century
// Litera.
2021. № 8.
P. 1-8.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2021.8.36155 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=36155
Abstract:
This article analyzes the instances of using short and long forms of the adjectives the Old Slavonic language, as well as the analytical method of expressing the category of certainty / uncertainty in the Slovene language of the XVI century based on the example of translations of the fragments from the New Testament. The comparison of short and long forms of the adjectives is one of the ways of conveying the category of certainty / uncertainty in the Slavonic language without articles. A similar comparison of short and long forms of the adjectives can be observed in both Old Slavonic and Old Slovene languages. However, in the Slovene language, such juxtaposition ceased to exists as a result of the early contraction in pronominal forms of the adjectives; the XVI century marks the formation of the analytical method of conveying the category certainty / uncertainty using the article “ta” and “en”. The following conclusions were made: the original language could affect the translation strategy and the choice of forms, while in the Slovene language it also pertained to articles; the examples of Slovene translations that preserved the correlation of short and long forms without the presence of the part or article in the originals, testify to the development of special ways of expressing the category of certainty / uncertainty, which replaced the juxtaposition of short and long forms of the adjectives; the analytical forms in the Slovene corresponded with short and long forms of the adjectives in the Old Slavonic language, which emphasizes the similar functional yield of analytical forms with the previous juxtaposition of short and long forms of the adjectives in the Slovene language.
Keywords:
full forms of adjectives, analytical forms, short forms of adjectives, definiteness and indefiniteness, translations of New Testament, Slovenian language, Old Church Slavonic, article, Primozh Trubar, Jurij Dalmatin
Reference:
Zinnatullina L..
Phraseological equivalents in the English and Russian languages
// Litera.
2021. № 8.
P. 134-143.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2021.8.36258 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=36258
Abstract:
This article is dedicated to examination of phraseological equivalents in the English and Russian languages. An attempt is made to determine the criteria for finding phraseological equivalents in the English and Russian languages. The subject of this research is the peculiarities of various types of English-Russian phraseological equivalents. Referring to the research of outstanding scientists, the article describes and analyzes the types of phraseological equivalents in the English and Russian languages. The author provides the examples of a range of phraseological units of the English and Russian languages, selected from the Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language, Russian National Corpus, and British National Corpus. Contextual method and method of phraseological description are used for studying English-Russian phraseological equivalents. The scientific novelty of this paper consists in the full or partial manifestation of phraseological equivalence of a number of unique phraseological units in the English and Russian languages leaning on the conducted research of compositional volume. The conclusion is made that the adverbial phraseological units-equivalents are characterized by an exact match of phraseological meaning, structural-grammatical organization, imagery framework, and thus, compositional volume. For determining the degree of match of the structural-grammatical organization, it is essential to consider the specific typological features, which are typical for one language and atypical for another due to difference in the systems of the compared languages. Partial phraseological equivalence of adverbial phraseological units is characterized by the exact match of plane of content and insignificant differences in the plane of expression, which do not affect the identity of imagery of the English and Russian adverbial phraseological unit.
Keywords:
component composition, russian phraseological unit, structural-grammatical, partial equivalents, full equivalents, adverbial phraseological units, stylistic, typological, multilingual, adverbial
Reference:
Davydov T., Gorshkov A.I..
Adaptation of Iranian and Semitic loanwords in the Ancient Greek language: 'garden' / ' garden of Eden’ (on the example of the lexemes παράδεισος and a number of γάνος-γανναθ — (αλ)γοναιναθ)
// Litera.
2021. № 8.
P. 30-50.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2021.8.36284 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=36284
Abstract:
The object of this research is the problems of functionality of Iranian and Semitic loanwords in the Ancient Greek language, while the subject is the lexemes παράδεισος, γάνος, γανναθ, (αλ)γοναιναθ. The authors meticulously examine such aspects of the topic as the morphological and phonetic assimilation of foreign language lexicon, nonobservance of phonotactics of the Greek language, impact of folk etymology upon the word form , absence of diacritics in conveying Semitic borrowings in the Greek language. Special attention is given to the problems of etymologization, nuances of dictionary definitions throughout different periods: classical, Hellenistic, Hellenistic-Roman, Late Antique, and Byzantine. It is noted that over time, close ties with barbarian peoples affected the Greek language itself. The main conclusion consists in determination of the gradation of lexemes under review in accordance with the degree of their adaptation to the Greek phonetics and phonotactics, as well as morphology. The author's special contribution to this research consists in proving the results and conclusions of a range of previous studies, as well as in critical coverage of the controversial concepts. The novelty lies in the proposed etymology of the lexeme παράδεισος, and the new interpretation of its vocalism. The relevance of this work lies in involving rare lexicon, which previously has not received due attention within the existing scientific tradition.
Keywords:
adaptation of loanwords, loanwords, Aramaic, Phoenician, Classical Hebrew, Median, Avestan, Old Persian, Ancient Greek, Greek word-end rule
Reference:
Lin L..
Functionality of the adverb “contrarily” in adnominal position
// Litera.
2021. № 6.
P. 25-32.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2021.6.35703 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=35703
Abstract:
The object of this research is the adverb “contrarily” adjacent to the noun. The goal of this article is to indicate the peculiarities of functionality of the adverb in this position. It is established that the adverb “contrarily” is characterized by adjunction to nouns of substantive semantics and proper names, as well as nouns of abstract semantics. The use of this adverb as a characteristic of an object or phenomenon requires explanation, which is usually given in the preceding or subsequent context. The adverb “contrarily” or a substantive-adverbial combination as a whole is often enclosed in quotation marks. This underlines the irregular method selected by the speaker for describing an object or phenomenon using an adjacent adverb. This article is the first to analyze the peculiarities of functionality of the adverb “contrarily” in adnominal position. The article employs the Russian National Corpus for collecting the material; the analysis of language material is based on the method of continuous sampling. The adnominal use of the adverb “contrarily” in associated with the absence of a special lexeme for denoting the described object of speech. The acquired results contribute to the theoretical description of adverbs as part of speech, and can be used in teaching morphology, syntax and semantics in the course of modern Russian language, as well as in teaching Russian as a foreign language.
Keywords:
context, attributive function, sentence elements, syntax, classification of adverbs, prisubstantiative adverb, adverb, analyticism, quotation marks, contradistinction
Reference:
Zagrebelnaya A.S..
Discursive strategies and tactics of a romantic communicative personality in the situations of romantic communication
// Litera.
2021. № 6.
P. 16-24.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2021.6.35747 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=35747
Abstract:
The goal of this research consists in identification of the strategies and tactics of a romantic communicative personality in situations of romantic communication in the Russian and English linguocultures. The article reveals the content of the conceptual apparatus of research, namely the terms “romantic discourse”, “discursive strategy”, and “discursive tactics” that are directly related to the questions of verbalization of inner intentions of the parties to communication process. It is demonstrated that romantic communication in the Russian and English linguocultures is characterized by the use of certain strategies and tactics of romantic communicative personality, which are implemented on the language level in the situations of romantic communication. Their application is predetermined by particular motives that can be traced in the speech. The scientific novelty of this research consists in determination of the crucial intentional difference in realization of the motivated discursive strategies and tactics of a romantic communicative personality in the context of romantic communication in the Russian and English linguocultures, which lies in the divergence of the ethnic- cultural background. The conducted research reveals the most frequently used discursive strategies and tactics of a romantic communicative personality in the Russian and English linguocultures, which are grouped into a table in accordance with the indicated linguocultures in order to better understand the discursive strategies and tactics characteristic to each linguoculture.
Keywords:
language means, national cultural background, romantic communicative personality, non-verbal communication, linguoculture, romantic communication, romantic discourse, discursive tactics, discourse strategy, communicant
Reference:
Tsi Y..
Comparison of motivation of the Russian and Chinese terms (based on the material of linguistic terminology)
// Litera.
2021. № 5.
P. 207-213.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2021.5.35494 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=35494
Abstract:
One of the paramount peculiarities of the Chinese terms is their sinicization. Sinicization of the term is often viewed a translation and adaptation of foreign language terms to the specifics of Chinese language. This implies that the new word is being rooted in the Chinese “soil” and subsequently recognized as Chinese native. The subject of this research is the peculiarities of Chinese and Russian linguistic terminology. The goal is to compare the motivation of Chinese and Russian linguistic terminology and determine the influencing factors. The research material was collected from the Dacihai Dictionary and the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary, and consists of more than 6,000 terminological units. The article employs the methods of description, comparison, and continuous sampling. The scientific novelty lies in determination of the factors that influence the motivation of Chinese linguistic terminology, as well as in its comparison with Russian linguistic terminology. The conclusion is made that Chinese terms have stronger motivation than Russian terms. On the one hand, Chinese characters are the ideograms that convey the thought in a motivational form, and offer more opportunities for increasing semantic transparency. On the other hand, the syllabic characteristics of Chinese language limit the possibility of transliteration of foreign words. With the exception of proper names, the Chinese terminology features a very few transliterated or partially transliterated terms.
Keywords:
compare of motivation, Russian terms, Chinese terms, characteristic of terms, sinicization, motivation, dictionary Dacihai, linguistic terms, term, linguistic encyclopaedic dictionary
Reference:
Koroglu L.A..
Russian lexicon in the lexical-semantic space of the newspaper “Tercüman”
// Litera.
2021. № 5.
P. 214-221.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2021.5.35534 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=35534
Abstract:
The subject of this article is the Russian lexicon used in the Turkic-language texts of the newspaper “Tercüman” (Translator) of the late XIX century. The author determines the following thematic groups of the Russian loanwords: military, journalistic, political vocabulary, legal, pedagogical, economic, and literary studies lexicon, as well as the names of food and consumer goods. The examples of sociopolitical borrowed lexicon are most common, as they are the leading feature of the newspaper language. Description is given to the methods of explaining Russian lexicon in the Turkic-language text. In the provided examples, the Russian lexicon is both explicable and explanatory. Semanticization is carried out via explanatory conjunction “yani” (that is). In some examples, Russian equivalents are given in parentheses or comma separated. Use of the Russian lexeme in the text without clarification, indicates its earlier borrowing into the Crimean Tatar language. The scientific novelty of this research consists in determination of the Russian loanwords used in the Crimean Tatar written language of the late XIX century, as well as in broadening knowledge in the field of the history of lexicology of the Crimean Tatar language. The conducted research allows tracing the diachrony of infiltration of the Russian loanwords into the Crimean Tatar language, as well as reveals the international lexicon that came into the Crimean Tatar language through the means of Russian language and retains the Russian phonic sounds. Leaning on the provided examples, the author examines grapho-phonetic peculiarities and spelling of the Russian loanwords in Arabic text in the Crimean Tatar language. This work may be valuable for further research of the history infiltration and peculiarities of the use of Russian loanwords in the Crimean Tatar language.
Keywords:
late 19th century, newspaper, thematic groups, borrowings, international vocabulary, Russian vocabulary, Crimean Tatar language, lexicology, explanatory union, Arabic text
Reference:
Liu E., Sheremetyeva E.S..
Metatext operator “to put it mildly”: the specificity of functionality
// Litera.
2021. № 5.
P. 59-70.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2021.5.35595 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=35595
Abstract:
The object of this research is the introductory-modal phrase “to put it mildly”, viewed in pragmatic aspect. From the perspective of pragmatics, this phrase fulfills the function of metatext operator that forms the speaker's reflection towards their utterance. The unit “to put it mildly” is a typical meta-operator, as it includes a locutionary verb. The goal of this research is to determine the specificity of the phrase “to put it mildly” in carrying out the meta-operator function, as well as to establish its typical contexts and lexical compatibility. The research material was collected based on the Russian National Corpus using the method of continuous sampling. The author reveals that the phrase “to put it mildly” as a meta-operator combines two opposite functions: on the one hand, softens the extreme of the utterance, while on the other hand – enhances negative assessment of the fact of reality. Moreover, as the development of these functions, it acquires the ability to attribute the properties of contextual euphemism to the commented nomination. The indicated functional specificity is closely related to the lexical compatibility of meta-operator and the types of contexts. Most frequent contexts imply negation formed with the particle / prefix NOT. The lexical compatibility of meta-operator is predetermined by the aspects of speaker’s assessment of the facts of surrounding reality. The article describes most frequent aspects of such assessment. The acquired results may be applied in teaching Russian as a foreign language, as well as in lexicographic practice for creating metadata dictionary.
Keywords:
lexical compatibility, context, introductory-modal phrase, metacommentary, reflexive, metatext operator, evaluation, speaker's reflection, politeness category, pragmatics
Reference:
Zigmantovich D.S..
The impact of the speaker's oral speech pausing on the quality of simultaneous translation
// Litera.
2021. № 5.
P. 71-80.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2021.5.35634 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=35634
Abstract:
The completeness, accuracy and quality of simultaneous interpretation are influenced by the speaker and the peculiarities of his speech, which can act as destabilizing factors for the work of a simultaneous interpreter. Such factors, in particular, include the following: the speed of speech, intonation, accent, pause, syntax of sounding speech, lexical composition. This article describes the results of the analysis of the placement of pauses by two politicians (F. Hollande and N. Sarkozy) in oral speeches to various audiences. The purpose of the study is to establish what impact a logical or illogical pause can have on the implementation of simultaneous interpretation. The author of the article came to the conclusion that a number of patterns can be identified in the arrangement of pauses by speakers: place, duration and frequency. As a result of the analysis, it was possible to show that each speaker places pauses differently during a speech, which can have a direct impact on the quality of simultaneous interpretation. The patterns listed above can be taken into account when developing a system of exercises for teaching simultaneous interpretation at the initial stage and for practicing and automating certain skills at a more advanced level or when selecting speech material for organizing intensive training.
Keywords:
politician, speaker, pausing, pauses, simultaneous interpretation, quality of interpretation, interpretation practice, interpretation, political speech, political discourse
Reference:
Knyazeva N.V., Kurkova N.V..
The transformation of phraseological units as a manifestation of language game in the journalism of V. V. Nabokov
// Litera.
2021. № 5.
P. 222-231.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2021.5.35694 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=35694
Abstract:
The object of this research is the transformed phraseologisms determined through the method of continuous sampling in the journalistic texts of V. V. Nabokov. The subject of this research is the structural-semantic and functional-pragmatic peculiarities of transforms. The subject of this research is define by various “game” mechanisms of transformations in the area of phraseology, as a result of which the individual-authorial transformations ensure the implementation of the author's plan. The goal of this work is to determine the peculiarities of the authorial transformation of phraseological units in the context of language game, and establish the role of modified phraseologisms in enhancing the influencing potential of the journalistic text. The theoretical and methodological framework contains the works that view the phenomenon of language game and the general principles of occasional transformation of phraseological units. The author advances the hypothesis of the pragmatically justified use of transformed phraseologism, substantiated by the stylistic specificity of resorting to language game as a means of creating certain expressive effect and implementation of the author's plan in the journalistic text. The scientific novelty consists in the complex structural-semantic and functional-pragmatic approach towards studying the transformed phraseological units. This article is first to describe the individual-authorial transformations of phraseological units in the journalism of V. V. Nabokov. It is noted that in the journalistic texts of V. V. Nabokov, the language game pursues both, aesthetic and functional-pragmatic goals, which correlate with the specificity of journalistic genre. The use of familiar, easy to reproduce phraseological units creates a cultural presupposition, which in the context of language game acquires additional connotations, substantiated by game transformation of the usual form and the meaning of phraseological locution, which contributes to the periphrastic expression of the author's attitude towards the topic under review.
Keywords:
transformation methods, transformation of phraseologisms, phraseological units, functional-pragmatic approach, structural-semantic approach, journalistic text, phraseology, Language game, transformed phraseological units, political writings of Nabokov
Reference:
Gorodilova L.M..
Peasants’ bynames in the Yeniseian Siberia of the XVII century as a reflection of work activity of the first settlers
// Litera.
2021. № 5.
P. 232-241.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2021.5.35711 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=35711
Abstract:
The object of this research is the anthroponymic space of business writing records in the Yeniseian Siberia of the XVII century, while the subject is the peasants’ bynames. The unpublished manuscripts preserved in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (Moscow) served as the sources for this research. Emphasis is placed on the semantic content of bynames as part of the anthroponymic formula. Using the traditional onomastic and lexical-semantic methods of research (descriptive, statistical, semantic and definitional analysis, etc.), the author describes bynames united by the concept “the type of work activity”. The semantics of the anthropological grounds of bynames, clarification is given to the composition of the social group under review, as well as to the types of economic activity of the peasants of Yeniseian and Krasnoyarsk counties. The acquired results indicated that semantic diversity of peasant bynames is substantiated by the objective situation during the colonization of Siberia, as well as complex composition of the peasantry, which could include the representatives of service class and suburb inhabitants. The scientific novelty consists in expanding the scope of sources for carrying out a comprehensive research of the regional anthroponymicon, as well as in broadening the knowledge on byname nomination within a single social group. The obtained results can be used as comparative materials in the analysis of anthroponymic systems of other regions, as well as in development of the regional dictionary of non-calendric personal names and bynames of the first Russian settlers of Yeniseian Siberia.
Keywords:
nicknames of peasants, the meaning of certain nicknames, semantics of nicknames, peasant class, handwritten monuments, Yenisei Siberia, historical anthroponymy, onomastics, nicknames of military people, nicknames of the posad people
Reference:
Skorik K.V..
Semiotic status of objects and their functioning in the Anglo-Saxon and Russian charms
// Litera.
2021. № 4.
P. 205-213.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2021.4.35272 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=35272
Abstract:
The research focuses on the problem of semiotic status of objects in the Anglo-Saxon and Russian charms. The text of charms is the object of the research. The aim of the research is to define the semiotic status of objects in the Anglo-Saxon and Russian charms and to reveal the functioning of the objects in the text of a charm. The work deals with charms as examples of a sacral text. The research is promising due to the fact that studying a sacral text in this context is based on the anthropocentric approach. The tasks of the research include the following: to denote the status of a charm as a sacral text, to describe the semiotic status of objects in a charm, to reveal the role of a ritual in the objects’ acquiring the features of signs, to define the functions of semiotic objects in the charms. The scientific novelty of the research is in its comparative analysis of Russian and Anglo-Saxon charms in terms of linguistic semiotics. The author points out and describes several functions of semiosis as a system of objects that have a semiotic status. The major conclusion made as a result of the research is that the symbolic functions of material cultural objects in a sacral text enable the objects to acquire various features when they are included in the ritual component of a charm.
Keywords:
folklore, semiotic status, functioning, sacral text, Russian charm, Anglo-Saxon charm, charm, semiosis, ritual, spell
Reference:
Komarova K.I..
Analytical forms of expressing the category of certainty / uncertainty in modern Slovenian fiction
// Litera.
2021. № 4.
P. 1-7.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2021.4.35274 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=35274
Abstract:
This article examines the analytical approach towards expressing the category of certainty / uncertainty in Slovenian fiction. The analytical forms are comprised by the unchangeable article-type particle “ta”, which is commonly used in the Slovenian colloquial language, but at present is also actively used in the literary language. Special attention is given to the modern Slovenian fiction. The author analyzed ten Slovenian novels published between 2008 and 2018, and revealed all instances of using the article-type particle with both, substantive adjectives and together with adjectives and nouns. The following conclusions were formulated: colloquial elements in fiction perform a stylistic function; therefore one of the key tasks of the article-type particle consists in speech characteristic of the character, including indicating his dialect, since all instanced of using the particle are in the dialogical speech or first-person narrative. However, it is important to note that in most instances, the particle is used with substantive adjectives, which indicates lexicalization of combination of the particle and the adjective, which is used for mentioning a known person/object or indicating a characteristic feature.
Keywords:
dialect, non-literary Slovenian language, article-particle, modern Slovenian literature, analytical forms, fiction, spoken form, definiteness and indefiniteness, Slovenian language, lexicalization
Reference:
Zagrebelnaya A.S..
Spatial behavior in romantic communication: comparative analysis in the Russian, English, and Spanish linguocultures
// Litera.
2021. № 4.
P. 214-223.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2021.4.35279 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=35279
Abstract:
This article describes the concept of “romantic communication”, examines the linguocultural specificity of spatial behavior in the instances of romantic communication in Russian, English and Spanish linguocultures. It is demonstrated that the situations of romantic communication in the indicated linguocultures are characterized by certain spatial movements of the communicants depending on their communicative intentions. The relevance of the selected topic is substantiated by globalization processes and rapid building of contacts between Russia, Great Britain and Spain, which, in turn, bonds these linguocultures and makes requires their in-depth study in order to understand the peculiarities of representation of spatial behavior in the course of interpersonal communication. It is worth noting that there are different approaches towards studying the romantic discourse; assessment is given to the role of the kinesic components therein. The question on similarity and divergence of the proxemic components in romantic communication in the Russian, English and Spanish linguocultures remains debatable, and draws particular interests of the experts in the field of linguistics and linguoculturology, as well as the representatives of business spheres dealing with Russia, Great Britain and Spain in one or another way; it allows to better understand the purpose and use of spatial components in the communicative aspect. The scientific novelty of this research consists in determination of linguistic peculiarities of representation of spatial behavior in the instances of romantic communication in the Russian, English and Spanish linguocultures. As a result of the conducted analysis, the author identifies the key main verbal, nominative, and adjective constructions that represent proxemic components of romantic communication in the English, Russian, and Spanish languages. It is also underlined that the characteristic features of the romantic discourse are related not only to kinesics, but also proxemics, which gives a better perspective on the motives of behavioral specificity of the actors of romantic communication, as well as helps to identify the level of their closeness through detailed analysis of linguistic saturation of the literary text.
Keywords:
romantic discourse, non-verbal means of communication, linguoculture, romantic communication, space, communicative behavior, spatial behavior, distancing, semiotic system, language features
Reference:
Wang Q., Sheremetyeva E.S..
The role of textual binding element “Now about...” in the text structure
// Litera.
2021. № 4.
P. 93-103.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2021.4.35483 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=35483
Abstract:
The binding element “Now about...” is a means of formation of distant cohesion in the text. It combines the features of grammatical and lexical means of connectivity, which is substantiated by its structure: presence of the permanent grammaticalized component “now about” and substitutable position for preposition. Within the structure of the text, the binding element performs the transition to a new micro-theme as part of the macro-theme, while fulfilling a prospective or a prospective-retrospective function. In terms of prospective function, the formal role is played by grammaticalized component of the binding element, and in terms of prospective-retrospective – both components; the functions are allocated as follows: free component of the binding element serves as a keyword and fulfills distant retrospective cohesion, while grammaticalized component “now about” due to its semantics, forms the relations of prospection. The binding element “Now about...” may interact with other logical bonds and also form connectivity, which testifies to its functional self-sufficiency. The acquired results can be applied in lexicographic practice for the development and creation of lexical entries for dictionaries of functional words of the Russian language, in editorial activity, in teaching the syntax of the Russian language, for philological analysis of the text, as well as in teaching Russian as a foreign language.
Keywords:
continuity of text, retrospection, prospection, cohesion, text syntax, text, text clip, function words, microtheme, macroheme
Reference:
Abdul'manova A., Parfenov A.S..
Dynamic norm and variability of personal pronouns in the works of Geoffrey Chaucer
// Litera.
2020. № 12.
P. 234-241.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2020.12.31919 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=31919
Abstract:
The subject of this research is the dynamic variability in the sphere of personal of the Middle English Period. The object of this research is the personal pronouns of the Middle English (in form of the nominative case) used in the “Canterbury Tales” by Geoffrey Chaucer. Insufficient study of this layer of lexicon necessitates detailed examination of the rich tapestry of variability of pronouns for determination of the area of Medieval language norm that influenced the establishment of modern literary English language, which defines the relevance of this research. The goal consists in description of the dynamic norm of the Middle English. Research methodology consists in systematization, description and classification of language material, extracted through the method of continuous sampling from the first part of the “Knight’s Tale” of the “Canterbury Tales” of Geoffrey Chaucer, and setting quantitative parameters that reveal and confirm linguistic patterns that regularly manifest within the system of personal pronouns of the Middle English. The scientific novelty lies in comprehensive research of variability of personal pronouns and establishment of the dynamic norm and “quasi-norm” of the national literary standard of English language formed in the XIV century. The main conclusion consists in substantiation of the leading role of central dialects in comprising dynamic norm of the Middle English (namely with regards to pronouns), while the forms developed in the north and south should be attributed to quasi-norm.
Keywords:
national standard, London dialect, personal pronouns, dialect variation, dialects, variation, quasi-norm, dynamic norm, Middle English, Canterbury Tales
Reference:
Abliametova S.M., Kadyrova U.R..
Occasional synonymic rows in the poetry of Âşık Ömer
// Litera.
2020. № 12.
P. 131-138.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2020.12.34437 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=34437
Abstract:
Contributing to accuracy of the phrase of one or another meaning, synonyms enrich the literary language and enhance its expressiveness. The goal of this work consists in examination of the occasional synonymy in the poetic texts of Âşık Ömer. The article offers the original synonymy of the poet. The author describes the occasional use of lexemes and their synonyms in the usual meaning. Literary language most accurately reflects the authorial individuality. Fictional texts feature imagery and emotional coloring. Synonyms serve as the means for conveying the richness of artistic language. It is worth noting that namely synonyms describe the author’s signature style; emphasis is placed on the occasional lexis. The problem of synonymy, or selection of most suitable words and expressions for a given situation, which most vividly characterize a particular phenomenon of the surrounding reality, has always been one of the crucial problems of lexicology. One of the least developed sections of synonymy is occasional synonymy. Even though some word and phrases in their dictionary meaning do not have synonymic ties, the can become such based on the context. Usage of occasional synonyms in a literary text allows the author to incarnate the concept more vividly, reflect the emotional coloring of his idea, and reveal the character of the heroes. The phenomenon of occasional synonymy is based on the fact that the word acquires a new, contextual meaning; in other words, the problem of occasional synonymy is inseparable from the question on the meaning of the word.
Keywords:
dominant, poetry, occasional synonymy, synonymic row, lexeme, Crimean Tatar language, synonymy, language, speech, context
Reference:
Vavichkina T..
Main peculiarities of Arabic-language content on the Internet
// Litera.
2020. № 12.
P. 29-38.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2020.12.34372 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=34372
Abstract:
This article is dedicated to the trend that emerged in recent decades to transliterate Arabic text in the Internet comments and text messages, using the numbers for conveying the specificity of Arabic sounds. The object of this research is Arabizi – the macaronic jargon in electronic correspondence of Arabic native speakers, while subject is its specific characteristics. In the course of study, the author selected the microtexts posted by Arabic-speaking audience in the popular social networks Facebook and Twitter, YouTube video hosting, as well as private correspondence via such messengers as Viber and WhatsApp. The mandatory criterion was the affiliation of words to the common Arabic lexicon, as well as validation and similarity of the materials from different sources. Misprints and erratives were left out. The selected examples were classified by age (group 1 – 30 – 35 years old, group 2 – above 35 years old.) and nationality (from any Arab country) of their author. The scientific novelty is define by the fact that this article is first to examine the features that differentiate Arabizi from similar macaronic jargons, such as Denglish, Franglais, Spanglish, Ruglish. Possible ways for further development of language situation in the Arab world are proposed. The author determined that short messages in Arabizi virtually frame the written form that captures the specificity of oral dialect speech of the Arabic native speakers. The conclusion consists in formulation of distinctive characteristics of the indicated macaronic language that emerged as a result of interference due to familiarization of Arabs with the European languages, namely English.
Keywords:
Arabizi, dialect, standard language, Arabic, macaronic language, transliteration, language of the Internet community, written speech, oral speech, non-verbal means
Reference:
Ertsikova G.A..
Russian borrowings in Mountain Aryan speech and their use by modern native speakers
// Litera.
2020. № 12.
P. 39-46.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2020.12.34504 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=34504
Abstract:
Russian Russian The subject of this study was foreign language words that penetrated into the speech of native speakers of the Mountain-Aryan language from Russian or through the Russian language. The object of the study is the oral speech of modern speakers of the Mountain-Aryan language. The purpose of the work is to determine what role Russian loanwords play in the oral modern mountain–Aryan speech. The study was conducted on the basis of dialectological materials collected in the villages of the Gornomari district of the Republic of Mari El, as well as saved recordings of the radio program "Kyryk Mary tsäsh" ("Gornomari hour") and the TV program "Kyryk Sirem" ("My Gornomari region") in the Gornomari language, using observation methods, linguistic descriptions, elements of the comparative method, techniques of continuous sampling. The scientific novelty of the study is that it is the first time that Russian borrowings in the oral speech of modern mountain Mari are considered. В The analysis of the factual material allowed the author to come to the following conclusions: in the active vocabulary of the mountain Mari people, there are words that have long been included in the Mountain Mari language, have been firmly assimilated by them and are not perceived by native speakers as foreign; there are quite a large number of words known to all native speakers and are the only name of the designated concepts; in the speech of people of the new for generations, there is an excessive unmotivated use of foreign words, which clogs up the native language, loses its identity, complicates communication between people, makes it not clear to everyone, leads to the formation of ridiculous phrases.
Keywords:
clogging of the tongue, phonetic changes, informant, active vocabulary, Russian borrowings, modern media, oral speech, Mountain - Aryan language, equivalent, analogue
Reference:
Seldikov A.M., Goryaev T.S., Dovunov B.E., Shonkhorova S.V., Katashov A.V..
To the question on methodology of the concept in modern science
// Litera.
2020. № 10.
P. 114-122.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2020.10.34002 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=34002
Abstract:
The scientific works of scholars and experts dedicated to conceptology, intercultural communication, and linguistics became the foundation for this research. The author analyzes bibliography, presents various approaches towards conceptology, formulates main conclusions of recent research on the indicated problematic, as well as provides specific examples. Research of the concepts presented in different linguistic worldviews, including Russian linguistic paradigm of the world, is first and foremost substantiated by the importance of intercultural communication in the current context. The relevance of this topic is defined by the significance of studying the dialogue of cultures, language, culture and mentality. The selected topic is of interest to the philosophers, linguists, culturologists and foreign language pedagogues. In anthropological linguistics, cognitive linguistics, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, ethnolinguistics, linguoculturology and other fields, the subject of research is the concept of the dialogue of cultures along with interaction between language, culture and mentality. The development of Russian relations on international arena over the past decade led to active cooperation in the area of education, economy, trade and tourism. Therefore, there is an urgent need for studying communication in the situation of interaction between the representatives of Russian and foreign cultures from the perspective of teaching languages as a means of intercultural communication. The need to study communication is justified by different communication behavior in Russia and other countries in the cultural aspect. Insufficient understanding of the language of communication can result in communication failures and even initiate cross-cultural conflict. In the following paragraphs of this article, the author gives detailed attention to specificity of the concept in the linguistic worldviews.
Keywords:
intercultural communication, non-verbal communication, general linguistics, language theory, conceptosphere, concept, methodology, language, concept structure, research methods
Reference:
Kalyatin I.S..
Analysis of grammatical means for the expression of reason in German, Italian and Russian scientific text of the XXI century
// Litera.
2020. № 8.
P. 127-143.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2020.8.33476 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=33476
Abstract:
The goal of this work lies in definition and scientific description of combination of the basic grammatical means for expression of category of reason in a scientific text (on the material of German, Italian and Russian languages). The subject of this research is a comparative analysis of the structural and semantic peculiarities of grammatical means for the expression of reason in a scientific text of the XXI century (on the material of German, Italian and Russian languages). The relevance is substantiated by insufficient study within comparative linguistics of the ways to represent the category of reason on grammatical level by comparing several languages (in this case, German, Italian and Russian). The scientific novelty of consists in conducting comparative analysis of grammatical language means for the expression of semantic category of reason in German, Italian and Russian scientific text of the XXI century. Within the framework of contrastive analysis, the author revealed the peculiarities of structuring the functional-semantic field of reason on the example of the texts under consideration. The acquired results allow concluding that in such type of texts the functional semantic field of causality is represented by grammatical means that express reason in a general form or with additional connotation. The presented materials can be applied in the course of lectures on comparative typology of the German, Italian and Russian languages.
Keywords:
German language, scientific text, expression of cause, grammatical means, field periphery, field core, field structure, field of cause, Italian language, Russian language
Reference:
Bakhmatov D.A..
On life cycle of a phrase (a case study of German language)
// Litera.
2020. № 8.
P. 9-20.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2020.8.33502 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=33502
Abstract:
The goal of this research consists in identification and complex description of the stages of existence of a phrase. The subject of this research is changes in the use that afflict phrases in diachrony. The author determines the types of such changes, which characterize the stages of existence of a phrase since its emergence, as well as possible ways of development of a phrase (in terms of unchangeability of its composition and level of idiomaticity).Based on the material of verbal-nominal phrases in German language, both free and phraseologisms, and attraction of corpus-based data, the changes in use are perceived as elements of a single process. The scientific novelty lies in the attempt to describe the models of diachronic changes as cyclic processes; reveal common trends in development of phrases and in applicability of the definition of “life cycle” to the indicted processes. The concept of “life cycle”, used in various sciences for designating the natural, repeating processes, found its reflection in linguistics. However, cyclic processes in phraseology yet remain unstudied, despite the existing description of such phenomena as usualization, phraseologization, and dephraseologization. In conclusion, the author presents a dynamic model of life cycle of a phrase; the changes in use are viewed as its part; as well as offers the terms “deusualization” and “reusualization”. The obtained life cycle model can find application in further research in the area of diachronic phraseology and phrase formation.
Keywords:
usualisation, frequency of use, dynamics of development, life cycle, diachrony, phraseology, word-combination, German language, de-usualisation, re-usualisation
Reference:
Britsyna N.M., Kovshikova E.V., Tatarinov M.K..
Application of cross-system method in translation of criminal procedure terminology from Russian to English
// Litera.
2020. № 8.
P. 58-71.
DOI: 10.25136/2409-8698.2020.8.33635 URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=33635
Abstract:
This article presents the results of analysis of application of cross-system methods in conveying Russian criminal law and criminal procedure realias in English. The specific examples of Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation illustrate substantial discrepancies in the existing within Russian criminal law systems and Anglo-American type of criminal law system, which cause most difficulties in translation of relevant terminology from Russian into English. Leaning on the considered linguistic and extralinguistic factors, the authors suggest the original solutions of the set communicative tasks. The scientific novelty is substantiated by the absence of the official English version of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, while the need for the corresponding paperwork (request for legal assistance, extradition request, etc.) is significantly growing. The following conclusions are made: criminal procedure discourse of Russian-language and English-language community constructs different and most of the time nonequivalent models of legal reality, which increases the value of comparative jurisprudence for the translator; at the same time, detailed analysis of not only the direct structure of common law and continental law systems, but also methods of their verbalization, allows comprising a more precise portrait of linguistic persona to have an idea of their experience, worldview, thesaurus and other cultural-specific peculiarities that are essential for improving efficiency of communication.
Keywords:
extradition, mutual legal assistance, criminal procedure, cross-legal-system translation, equivalence, discourse analysis, legal linguistics, legal translation, common law, civil law
Eng
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