Abstract: The research subject is the typical failures of electric motors used in modern electric drives. The authors consider such aspects of the topic as the constructive peculiarities of various types of electric motors and their typical failures. The paper demonstrates the dependence of the failure of constructional units of electric motors on the operational conditions, materials used, operation modes, etc. The authors consider the main forms of failure of direct-current motors. Special attention is given to the most widespread induction motors. The article contains the formula of fail-safe functioning of an induction motor winding. Based on the statistical data, the authors demonstrate the possibility of failure of various units of an electric motor under the impact of different factors. The authors formulate the conclusions about the ways to increase the reliability of particular types of electric motors and about the prospects of using various electric motors in modern electric drives. Based on the study results, the authors conclude that the most promising nowadays are switched jet engines and no-contact direct-current motors. 

Keywords: electric motor, failure, life cycle, no-contact engines, direct-current motor, induction motor, switched jet engines , electric drives, reliability, electric motor winding

Abstract: Silicon-on-sapphire structures serve as a base for the production of radiation-resistant integration circuits, which are very important for space industry, nuclear energetics, and the military sphere. The authors study the silicon-on-sapphire hetero-epitaxial mechanism for the subsequent creation of low-defectiveness transistor structures. Using the Rutherford backscattering, the authors study epitaxial layers of silicon, grown on sapphire substrate. Using the Auger analysis, the authors define the composition and the depth of the transitional layer of silicon-sapphire. The authors ascertain that silicon-to-sapphire bond is performed through tetrahedral sited oxygen. Defectiveness growth can be observed in the regions of spectrum of epitaxial layers, corresponding to the transitional region between the silicon layer and the sapphire substrate, and contributing to ion channeling. Account of an irregular character of the silicon-sapphire transition allows establishing causal link between the charge on the silicon-on-sapphire structure border and leakage current of field emission transistor. The authors develop the method of creation of a semiconductor device with improved parameters both in leakage currents and in structure defects density. 

Keywords: heteroepitaxy, ion implantation, mechanical tension, defect density, crystalline lattice, leakage current, substrate, silicon-on-sapphire, Auger analysis, Rutherford backscattering

Abstract: The research subject is the development of a termo-baromagnetic air separator, synergetic technological processes, methodological and calculation bases for design of progressive pilot and demonstration objects, optimizing fuel combustion with oxygen, separated from air, absorbing and utilizing carbon dioxide and water, and compensating burnt oxygen. The described scientific research generalizes the fundamental and applied research in the field of geophysics, geochemistry, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, construction, ecology, economics, and law, and helps design the synergetic model of restoration of oxygen, water, and carbon cycles, which can serve as a base for the technology of optimal burning of natural gas, solid and liquid fuel, and gasification products, carbon dioxide and water absorption and utilization with compensation of oxygen, burnt out of the atmosphere during fuel burning. The research methodology includes the creation of a new bio-transport-energy paradigm, which will help reduce socio-economic losses caused by transport emissions and thermal power stations, and by accidents, fires and road accidents, caused by wrong approach to the formation and functioning of technosphere. Unlike the cost-intensive nature of the compliance with competition documents (clause 2.3.4. “general expenditures for CO2 removal – not more than 400 rubles per ton” and clause 2.3.5. “expenditures for burial about 100 rubles per ton of CO2”), which will tot to 24,96 billion rubles per year for road and transport infrastructure of Rostov-on-Don (for removal) and 6,24 billion rubles per year (for burial) correspondingly, the proposed project estimates nonrecurring costs for “bio-architecture” of Rostov-on-Don at 14,49 billion rubles, and 650,0 billion rubles for the “PARSEK” systems launching in all thermal power and boiler stations of Rostov, which will be repaid in 8,3 years. 

Keywords: ultrasonic aerosol injection, compensation of burnt oxygen, water absorption, fuel combustion, carbon dioxide utilization, greenhouse gases, thermomagnetic air separation, ecological harm elimination, thermal power stations' safety, biotechnological paradigm

Abstract: The authors consider accumulator batteries of mobile communication facilities. Battery self-discharge depends on the quality of the materials used, the technological process of production, the type, and the construct of the accumulator. It increases sharply with the increase of environmental temperature and upon the internal separator damage in the result of inappropriate service or aging process. Rechargeable or accumulator batteries are more popular among the final consumers, and their production is one of the most dynamically developing sectors of the economy. It promotes consumer services competition; therefore, the problem of creation of an express-testing device for accumulator batteries is urgent. Unlike the imported devices, it will have low cost-price and comply with all repair and service requirements. The research methodology is based on the fact that accumulator capacity reduces while in operation. The reduction speed depends on the type of electrochemical system, the service technology, the battery chargers used, and conditions and terms of exploitation. Accumulator’s internal resistance (current source resistance) determines its ability to give up heavy current. Its dependency obeys Ohm’s law. At law rates of internal resistance, an accumulator can give up heavier peak current (without significant reduction of terminal voltage), and, consequently, the bigger peak power; while high resistance leads to sharp reduction of peak power at sharp reduction of load current. Internal resistance of an accumulator depends on its electrochemical system type, capacity, number of cells connected in series, and increases by the end of its life. The authors have designed the hardware component of a device for accumulator batteries express testing. The device can be used in authorized service centers and electronic stores. 

Keywords: discharge current, capacity indication, microcontroller, mobile communication facilities, accumulator battery, testing, charge current, average service time, precision, user programming

Abstract: The research object is a robot designed for work as a part of mobile systems, and execution of tasks, involving hazardous factors, such as explosive objects removal and disposal, nuclear works or works in aggressive chemical and biological environment. Among a variety of types of mobile robots, wheeled ground mobile robots are of a particular practical interest nowadays. At the present time, a new stage of robotic technology and automatization, based on micromechanics and nanotechnologies, is developing; there is a real opportunity to significantly increase the adaptability of automatized and automatic systems, and extend the sphere of their application. Robots are controlled by the system of independent control of left and right wheel turn. The scientific novelty consists in the method of detection of suspect objects (obstacles) and the robot’s coordinates, and, consequently, the coordinates of the suspect object, by the robot. A suspect object is detected and identified as a hazardous object with the help of an infrared sensor reacting at the obstacle. Robots are controlled by automatic controlled systems. 

Keywords: transmitter, receiver, control device, control signal, sensor, mobile robot, hazardous object, modulation, DC motor, controller