Abstract: The subject of the research is the comparative typological analysis of Buryat and Russian vocabularies. The rationale of the research is caused by the fact that this is a rather understudied issue in the Buryat language studies. The purpose of the research was to provide a brief description of the structural typological differences and similarities in lexical and semantic systems of the Buryat and Russian languages based on current studies by Buryat and Russian language researchers, and to carry out a comparative analysis of lexical units of the aforesaid languages and functions they perform. The main research method used by the authors was the synchronous descriptive method that implied a structural semantic analysis of speech constructs. The material for the research involved dictionaries and examples of the verbal speech of Buryat speakers. All examples are translated into Russian. The theoretical importance of the research is caused by the fact that the results of the research can be used to compare lexical systems of the Buryat and Russian languages. The results can be also used in teaching the Buryat language at schools and universities and writing school and university study books.