
	Psychology and Psychotechnics Reference: Krotovskaya N.G. Akhtar S. Matters of Life and Death. London, 2011, P. 241. // Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2015. № 12. P. 1252-1261. URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=67381 Krotovskaya N.G. Akhtar S. Matters of Life and Death. London, 2011, P. 241. Abstract: Salman Akhtar is the American psychoanalyst, the winner of numerous scientific awards and the author of more than three hundred scientific publications. In his book "Matters of Life and Death", he, relaying on the teaching of Sigmund Freud about the two "basic instincts" and complementing later studies of other well-known psychoanalysts, considers human life as consisting of the two main components, life and death, from the point of view of their opposition and continuity. Viewing happiness as one of the basic life-related concepts, the author clarifies its meaning in the works of different authors. Combining the different scientific views on happiness, the author divides the latter into four categories: pleasure, joy, ecstasy and satisfaction by tracing their ontological roots, metapsychological correlates, as well as components associated with personal experience. In the present book the author offers a brief review of psychoanalytical researches on the problem of happiness. Starting from Freud's views, he proceeds to analyzing different psychoanalytical concepts of happiness and then offers his own view on the phenomena that relate to happiness. Based on the results of various researches and his own observations, the author defines the four types of happiness (pleasure, joy, ecstasy and satisfaction), describes their nature, specific features and in conclusion points out the spheres calling for further investigations. Keywords: euphory, pleasure, civilization, instincts, suffering, happiness, psychoanalysis, ecstasy, satisfaction, culture This article can be downloaded freely in PDF format for reading. Download article This article written in Russian. You can find original text of the article here . References 1. Russell B. The Conquest of Happiness. New York,1930. 2. Freud S. Civilization and Its Discontents. S.E., 21: 1930. 3. Thompson M. G. Happiness and chance: a reappraisal of the psychoanalytic conception of suffering//Psychoanalytic Psychology. 2004. № 21. 4. Marmor J. The psychodynamics of realistic worry//Psychiatry in Transition: Selected Papers of Judd Marmor. New York, 1955. 5. Akhtar S. Comprehensive Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. London, 2009. 6. Deutsch H. On satisfaction, happiness, and ecstasy//International Journal of Psychoanalysis. 1989. № 70. R.715–723. 7. Lewin B.The Psychoanalysis of Elation. New York, 1950. 8. Klein M. Notes on some schizoid mechanisms//Envy and Gratitude and Other Works 1946–1963. New York, 1975. 9. Kohut H. Restoration of the Self. New York, 1977. 10. Eidelberg L. In pursuit of happiness//Psychoanalytic Review. 1951. №38. P. 222–244. 11. Wolf E. Selfobject experiences: developmental, psychopathology, treatment//S. Kramer & S. Akhtar (Eds.). Mahler and Kohut: Perspectives on Development, Psychopathology, and Technique. NJ, 1994. 12. Seligman M. E. Authentic Happiness. New York, 2002. 13. Sen A. Development as Freedom. New York, 1999. 14. Gurevich P.S. Protivostoyanie zhizni i smerti v psikhike novorozhdennogo // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika. - 2014. - 3. - C. 241 - 246. DOI: 10.7256/2070-8955.2014.3.11429. 15. S.A. Avalyan O zhizni i smerti // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika. - 2012. - 6. - C. 6 - 12. 16. Krotovskaya N.G., Kulagina-Yartseva V.S., Kulagina-Yartseva V.S. N.G. Krotovskaya i V.S. Kulagina-Yartseva. Dikhotomiya zhizni i smerti (Obzor knigi S. Akhtara "Voprosy zhizni i smerti") // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika. - 2014. - 10. - C. 1113 - 1123. DOI: 10.7256/2070-8955.2014.10.13165.

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Krotovskaya N.G. Akhtar S. Matters of Life and Death. London, 2011, P. 241.