Abstract: The relevance of the research lies in the fact that in linguistics, the study of concepts is an urgent direction that allows us to consider words in their cultural, cognitive and communicative contexts. The purpose of the study is to characterize the evaluation zone of the concept of "Civil War" in A. Fadeev's novel "The Rout". The description of the concept "Civil War" allows us to clarify the peculiarity of the individual experience of cognition of this social concept. The variety of interpretative fields is caused by the peculiarity of the conceptualization of the world in the individual consciousness. In the structure of the concept, the interpretative field of the concept "Civil War" as a periphery, its irreplaceable role in conceptual analysis is determined. The main content of the study is the analysis of the evaluative zone of the interpretative field, in which the characteristics and properties inherent in the concept of "Civil War" are always interpreted in a new way. In this study, the author used the method of conceptual analysis, the method of contextual analysis and logical-semantic analysis. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the study of the novel "The Rout" by A. A. Fadeev has practically not received enough attention, despite the fact that it is one of the most representative works of the twenties of the last century. There are very few scientific papers devoted to the concept of "Civil War". The analytical algorithm of concept research can be applied to the conceptual analysis of similar works of art. Being a direct witness of the war, A. A. Fadeev evaluates it based on the impressions of eyewitnesses, and the study demonstrates his generalized view and understanding of the struggle between the reds and whites, which is manifested in a number of moments through the main components of the assessment of the war by different classes of the novel's heroes, which in general constitute the essence of the Civil War. The results of the study allow us to conclude that in the interpretative field, assessments are mostly negative, which reflects the brutality of the war and the fact that class struggle was an integral cause of the Civil War.

Keywords: evaluative zone, interpretative field, periphery of the concept, structure of the concept, concept, cognitive linguistics, artistic text, hyperpersona, Civil War, Fadeev

References:
Arutyunova, N. D. (1988). Types of linguistic meanings. Evaluation. Event. Fact. Moscow: Nauka.
Boldyrev, N. N. (2004). Conceptual space of cognitive linguistics. Voprosy cognitivnoy linguistiki.
Efremov, V. A. (2009). Concept theory and conceptual space. Izvestiya Rossiiskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universitet n.a. A. I. Herzen.
Kolesov, V. V. (2012). Conceptology: Abstract of lectures given in September-December 2010. SPb.: SPbSU. RIO. Faculty of Philology.
Kubryakova, E. S. (2006). About mental lexicon: lexicon as a component of human linguistic ability. Actual problems of modern linguistics. Moscow: Flinta: Nauka.
Likhachev, D. S. (2015). Selected Works on Russian and World Culture. edited by A.S. Zapessotsky. SPb. SPbSUP.
Nikishina, I. Y. (2002). The notion of "concept" in cognitive linguistics. Language, consciousness, communication: Collection of articles. Edited by V. V. Krasnykh, A. I. Izotov. V. Krasnykh, A. Izotov. Moscow: MAKS Press.
Pimenov

Abstract: The article presents a study aimed at identifying the communicative and pragmatic properties of phraseological units functioning in the poetic texts of the collection "Impulse. New names." Since the use of phraseological units as in their original (dictionary) helps to create a special expressiveness and emotionality of each poem Similarly, in modified forms, the authors identify several types of phraseological units with structural and semantic changes. The theoretical basis of communicative and pragmatic phraseology studied by us served as an impetus for the search for new data in modern poetry. The specificity of the phraseology – context relationship lies in the fact that the phraseological unit represents both a special independent context and is part of the general context. The transformation of phraseological units is a process that includes various ways to update the usual stable expressions for the most adequate characterization of the described situation. A detailed study, selection and analysis of various types of stable phraseological expressions used and modified by the authors of the collection has been carried out. A special contribution of the authors to the study of the topic is the creation of a classification of phraseological units based on the studied material: with a reduction in the components of phraseology, with a change in the places of the components of phraseology, with an expansion of the lexical composition of phraseology, with a paradigmatic change in the core component of phraseology, with the replacement of one component of phraseology with another. In the course of the study, it was argued that semantic and structural changes within phraseological units are most often interrelated and imply each other. These changes and their varieties can be intertwined within the framework of a single poem or passage. In a poem, there may be phraseological units with the replacement of components, a phraseological unit with the reduction or expansion of components. Therefore, within the framework of one poem, it is possible to interact various phraseological units with a modified structure and semantics.

Keywords: individuality, meaning, connotation, classification, phraseological expressions, collection of poems, transformation of phraseological units, building up meanings, poetic text, contamination

References:
Danilova, N.N. (1986) The aesthetic function of phraseological units in artistic communication. Collection of scientific tr. Moscow State Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages, M. Issue 266. Lexico-phraseological system in aspects of micro- and macrostructures, 104-121.
Impulse. New names: A collection of poems. (1989) Moscow: Soviet writer.
Mokienko, V. M. (1989) Slavic phraseology: Textbook for universities on speciality. Moscow: Higher School of Economics.
Voynova, L.A. (1987) Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language: Over 4000 dictionary entries. Moscow: Rus. yaz.
Valgina, N.S. (2003) Theory of text: textbook. Moscow: Logos. 280 p. Retrieved from Retrieved from https://evartist.narod.ru/text14/24.htm
Huseynova, T.S. (2015) Transformation of phraseological units in journalistic discourse: an objective regularity. Izvestiya Dagestan State Pedagogical University. Social sciences and humanities, 4(33), 67-71.
Naumova, E.V. (1999) The development of the

Abstract: The object of the study is headlines about a new coronavirus infection in the Internet space.
The subject of the study is the metaphors used in the representation of COVID-19 in the headlines of the Chinese media. As a result of the analysis of more than one hundred and fifty headlines of articles about coronavirus infection in the Internet space of China, published in the period from 2019-2021, the author identified more than fifty metaphors. The aim of the study was to identify metaphorical groups and translate metaphorical representations of coronavirus into Russian, taking into account extralinguistic factors.
The relevance of this study is determined by the interest in the coronavirus pandemic and China as the alleged source of the disease. Mass media have a great influence on all spheres of human activity, and in the era of intensification of life and economy of linguistic efforts, a special role in the modern information space is assigned to the title. To identify and analyze the features of the COVID-19 representation, such research methods as the method of linguistic and cultural analysis, contextual analysis, component analysis, classification method, comparison method, generalization method, quantitative calculation and descriptive method are used. As a result of the analysis, seven thematic groups of metaphors were identified, the percentage was distributed as follows:
1. Coronavirus as a war - 37%
2. Coronavirus as a threat uniting people - 17%
3. Coronavirus as a dark entity - 14%
4. Coronavirus as a warning to humanity - 12%
5. New heroes in the conditions of the coronavirus epidemic - 10%
6. Coronavirus as an unpredictable event - 6%
7. New objects and phenomena in the conditions of coronavirus - 4%
The studied language material allows us to observe the dynamics of the emergence and development of the coronavirus metaphor as a military action. The author concludes that the use of the metaphorical model "War" is one of the most active ways to conceptualize the spread of Covid. Interlanguage studies are of particular theoretical and practical importance in order to determine the national specifics of metaphors and linguistic universals.

Keywords: menace, war, internet space, coronovirus, pandemic, China, Chinese language, metaphor, dark essence, national specifics

References:
Luhmann, N. (2008). The reality of mass media. Retrieved from https://gtmarket.ru/library/basis/3001/3015
China’s experience: digital technologies at the forefront of the fight against COVID-19. (2020). Retrieved from https://roscongress.org/materials/opyt-kitaya-tsifrovye-tekhnologii-na-peredovoy-borby-s-covid19/
Kalinin, O.I. (2020). Discursive metaphor of the virus in the Chinese media. Bulletin of the Moscow State Linguistic University. Humanitarian sciences, 8(837), 26–37.
Lakoff, J., & Johnson, M. (2004). Metaphors by which we live. Moscow. URSS Editorial.
Budaev, E.V. (2007). Formation of the cognitive theory of metaphor. Linguoculturology, 1, 16–32.
McCormack, E. (1990). Cognitive theory of metaphor. In: Theory of metaphor, 358–387. Moscow. Progress.
Wang Shouyuan, & Liu Zhenqian (2003). Yinyu yu wenhuajiaoxue [Metaphor and teaching of culture]. Weiyu jiaoxue.
Potebnya, A. A. (1997). From lectures on the th

Abstract: This article provides the results of the synoptic-theoretical analysis aimed at identification and examination of the fundamentals of linguoaxiological potential of the English-language dramaturgical discourse, which is the subject of this research. The object of is the discursive-communicative vectors of axiological linguistics as a relevant scientific trend that is in the process of development of its own theoretical platform. At this stage, within the designated subject area, the question of viable factual basis for discursive-communicative linguoaxiological interpretation remains unresolved, i.e., which language material is appropriate to use in elaboration of the leading theoretical provisions of the new scientific discipline. The novelty of this research consists in formulation and substantiation of the scientific solution aimed at filling the methodological lacunarity. The goal lies in mapping and systematization of the discursive-communicative characteristics of the English-language dramaturgy from the linguoaxiological perspective. Based on the acquired results, the author specifies the conceptual-terminological framework for studying dramaturgical discourse, as well as provides arguments that justify reference to the used language material. The author specifies the discursive-communicative characteristics that determine the linguoaxiological load of the English-language dramaturgical discourse. The conclusion is made that dramaturgical discourse has a complex linguopragmatic, linguocognitive, and linguoculturological nature, which contributes to the formation of its polyaspect linguoaxiological specifics. Dramaturgical discourse is also a unique structural-compositional formation, being a system of interacting subdiscourses, each of which is characterized by a variable degree of engagement in the systemic implementation of linguoaxiological potential. The dramaturgical dialogue, as the central dramaturgical subdiscourse, has a relatively independent set of properties, which nominate it as a space of heightened axiogeneity. The conducted research contributes to the formation of theoretical provisions of axiological linguistics at the modern stage of its development, as well as further clarification of this subject field.

Keywords: cognitive-discursive approach, pragmatic impact, dialogue, communication, drama discourse, evaluative utterance, value dominant, linguoaxiosphere, linguoaxiology, linguocultural load

References:
Short, M. Discourse Analysis and Drama [Text] / Mick Short // The Language and Literature Reader. – London: Routledge, 2020.
Sekerci, O. The Application of Discourse Analysis to Drama: A Cross-cultural Approach [Text] / Omer Sekerci // Mediterranean Journal of Humanities, 2013. – Vol. 3. – No. 2. – Pp. 231-239.
Mansworth, M. Teaching Drama Using Discourse Analysis [Text] / Megan Mansworth // Teaching English Language and Literature. – London: Routledge, 2020. – Pp. 105-112.
Hairi, S. The Portrait of Character Building in 'Twilight' Film Script through Ethical Values [Text] / Sohibul Hairi // Journal of English for Academic and Specific Purposes, 2019. – Vol. 2. – Pp. 33-47.
Dunne, W. The Dramatic Writer's Companion: Tools to Develop Characters, Cause Scenes, and Build Stories [Text] / W. Dunne. – Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.
Chistyukhin, I. N. O drame i dramaturgii [Tekst] / I. N. Chistyukhin. – Sankt-Peterburg: Lan', 2021.
Altun, M. Drama: A Neglected Source in Language Teaching t

Abstract: This article is dedicated to studying the lexical composition of language, namely lexical units that denote emotions. The choice of topic is substantiated by certain difficulties in creating the methodology for working with vocabulary, due to the amorphous nature of this language component, as well as the importance of studying the part of vocabulary that describes the emotional sphere of human existence. The subject of this research is the linguistic content of emotive lexical units. Emotive vocabulary is analyzed using several methods of linguistic analysis: method of semantic field, component analysis, transmission of meaning, analysis of significances, word formation, and method of inner form. The novelty of this research consists in application of comprehensive approach towards studying the linguistic content of lexical units denoting emotions. Special attention is given to the description of practical component of the used methods based on denominations of emotions in the English, Russian, German, and French languages. The author concludes on the need to develop a specific methodology for studying lexical material, and the cumulative application of these methods for the most comprehensive examination of the linguistic content of words denoting emotions in different languages.

Keywords: semantic component, meaning, seme, inner form, polysemy, linguistic method, emotive vocabulary, derivation, dictionary mark, semantic field

References:
Duden: Deutsches Universal wörterbuch. – Mannheim, 2001. 1504 s.
Nouveau Grand Robert: Dictionnaire de la langue français. – Paris: Le Robert, 2010. 1891 p.
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. – Oxford University Press, 2005. 1954 p.
Wierzhbicka A., Besemeres M. Emotion terms as a window on culture, social psychology and subjective experience // Yazyk i emotsii: nominativnye i kommunikativnye aspekty. Volgograd, 2009. C. 94-105.
Yablokova T.N. Sovremennye podkhody k izucheniyu emotsiy v lingvistike (na materiale angliyskogo yazyka) // Filologicheskie nauki. Voprosy teorii i praktiki. Tambov: Gramota, 2016. ¹6 (60): v 3-kh ch. Ch.2. S. 180-183.
Shakhovskiy V.I. Emotsii kak ob'ekt issledovaniya v lingvistike // Voprosy psikholingvistiki. 2009. ¹9. S.29-42.
Ebzeeva Yu.N., Len'ko G.N. Kauzativnye i nekauzativnye glagoly pri izuchenii emotivnoy leksiki // Vestnik RUDN, seriya Lingvistika, 2011, ¹4. S.42-45.
Shafikov S.G. Leksicheskaya tipologiya yazykov: ucheb. posobie. – Moskva, 2018. 173 s.
Urazmetova

Abstract: The subject of this research is the classification of stereotypical perceptions of German people, which imply their collectively determine representations on the phenomena/objects/events of surrounding environment, as well as typical schemes of actions in standard life situations. The object of this research is the German paremias as a hyperonym in relation to proverb and sayings with protreptic function. Such sayings fixed expressions gave grammatical structure of a sentence, and are used in direct and figurative meaning. The goal of this work is to review the classification of stereotypes as linguocultural phenomena that found reflection in German paremias and demonstrate ethnocultural specificity of the nation. The analysis of lexical-semantic structure of German paremias allowed determining the ethnocultural content of stereotypical perceptions of German people, which manifests in social, cultural, mental, auto and hetero-stereotypes, stereotypes-images and stereotypes-situations, quasi-stereotypes and stereotypes of general worldview. The research demonstrated that ethnocultural stereotypes are not reflected in paremiological fund of German nation, which testifies to its specificity.

Keywords: national and cultural specifics, cultural linguistics, paremiological picture of the world, German paremias, classification, stereotypic representations of the people, stereotype, proverbs, proverbial sayings, sayings

References:
Bayburin, A. G. Etnicheskie aspekty stereotipnykh form povedeniya i traditsionnaya kul'tura // Sovetskaya etnografiya. – 1985. – ¹
– S. 36–46. 2.Bartmin'skiy, E. Etnotsentrizm i stereotipy: Rezul'taty issledovaniya nemetskikh (Bokhum) i pol'skikh (Lyublin) studentov v 1993-1994 gg. // Rechevye i mental'nye stereotipy v sinkhronii i diakhronii: tezisy konferentsii. – M.: MGU, 1995. – S. 218–225.
Dal', V. I. Poslovitsy russkogo naroda. – M.: OOO «Izdatel'stvo Astrel'»: OOO «Izdatel'stvo PST»: ZAO NPP Ermak, 2005. – 734 s.
Koptel'tseva, G., Rot, Yu. Vstrechi na grani kul'tur. – Kaluga: OOO «Poligraf-Inform», 2001. – 187 s.
Krasnykh, V. V. «Svoy» sredi «chuzhikh»: mif ili real'nost'? – M.: Gnozis, 2003. – 374 s.
Maslova, V. A. Lingvokul'turologiya. – M.: Akademiya, 2004. – 208 s.
Pavlovskaya, A. V. Etnicheskie stereotipy v svete mezhkul'turnoy kommunikatsii // Vestnik Mosk. un-ta. Vyp. 11. Seriya «Lingvistika i mezhkul'turnaya kommunikatsiya». – 1998. – ¹ 1. – S. 94 –104.
Prokhorov, Yu. E. Natsional'nye sotsiokul'turnye stereotipy

Abstract: This article analyzes one of the fragments of Russian spatial worldview on the example of the lexeme of corner. Relevance of this research is defined by the fact that corner within the Russian linguoculture represents a specific method of verbalization of spatial objects and relations alongside other means of supplying information about space. The indicated lexeme, as the entire spatial lexis, demonstrates the ability to serve for marking other semantic ideas. Attention is given to stereotypical representations of the Russian native speakers on the corner that objectifies not only the geometric conceptualization of space, but also cognitive interrelation of the basic spatial objects. The research material contains the dictionary definitions of the main lexicographic sources of the modern Russian language, data of etymological dictionaries, information on the word corner in the Russian language as a system reflected in the Russian National Corpus. For solving the tasks of interpretation of semantic minimum of the indicated lexeme, the author used the following methods: descriptive method, sememic analysis, cognitive interpretation in terms of the cognitive-semantic approach. The article presents the results of studying Russian National Corpus, demonstrating that corner manifests as a nomination of place, district, region, dwelling or its par, locus of potential danger, vector of chaotic movement, etc. The novelty consists in the reflection of semantic and communicative-pragmatic peculiarities of the lexical-semantic variation of lexical unit. It is proven that corner is a source of figurative filling and development of the indirectly derivative nomination. The analysis allowed establishing both, lexicographically determinable semantic zones, as well as usual.

Keywords: lexical-semantic variant (LSV), semantic derivation, spatial picture of the world, representation of spatial meanings, component analysis, semantic component, semantic structure, seme,, semantic attribute, Russian language

References:
Krylov G. A. Etimologicheskiy slovar' russkogo yazyka / G. A. Krylov. – Sankt-Peterburg : Poligrafusluga, 2005. – 432 s.
Chernykh P. Ya. Istoriko-etimologicheskiy slovar' sovremennogo russkogo yazyka: v 2 tomakh / P. Ya. Chernykh. – Moskva : Russkiy yazyk, 1999. – T.2. – 560 s.
Kunin A. V. Kurs frazeologii sovremennogo angliyskogo yazyka / A. V. Kunin. – Moskva : Vysshaya shkola, 1996. – 381 s.
Sternin I. A. Leksicheskoe znachenie slova v rechi / I. A. Sternin. – Voronezh : Izd-vo VGU, 1985. – 138 s.
Apresyan Yu. D. Integral'noe opisanie yazyka i sistemnaya leksikografiya / Yu. D. Apresyan // Izbrannye trudy. – Moskva : Yazyki russkoy kul'tury, 1995. – T. 2. – 710 s.
Bondareva L. M. K probleme interpretatsii kontsepta «prostranstvo» v lingvistike / L. M. Bondareva // Vestnik Baltiyskogo universiteta im. I.Kanta. – 2015. – Vyp. 2. – S. 23-30.
Friederici A. Raumreferenz unter extremen perzeptuellen Bedingungen: Perzeption, Repräsentation und sprachliche Abbildung / A. Friederici // Raumkonzepte in Verstehensprozessen

Abstract: The subject of the research is the semantic meaning of the concept 'work' in Russian and German phraseological world view. The aim of the research is to definethe semantic meaning of the concept 'work' in ethnocultural language units of Russian and German. Analysis of cultural differences allows to see conceptual lines in other culture. Concepts give some kind of a program of meanings. The concept 'work' is is basic not only for Russian but also German world view. However, the semantic meaning of this concept is constantly changing. To analyze the aforesaid concept, the author has applied the method of paremia subjectivation as one of the established means of concept representation. In the course of her research Skacheva discovers that in German language world view, the semantic meaning of the concept 'work' relates to the source of profit, responsibility and quality. Russian language world view often represents a negative definition of the concept 'work' as 'difficult and pointless labor and idleness'. However, Russian world view also has the concept of 'responsible work' which is also a result of change in the historical attitude to work and a beginning of seeing labor as a value. 

Keywords: phraseological world view, cultural world view, linguistic world view, world view, semantic meaning, work, concept, culture, German language, Russian language

References:
Vezhbitskaya, A. Sopostavlenie kul'tur cherez posredstvo leksiki i pragmatiki / A. Vezhbitskaya; per. s angl. A.D. Shmeleva. – M.: Yazyki slavyanskoy kul'tury, 2001.  272 s.
Kolshanskiy G. V. Ob'ektivnaya kartina mira v poznanii i yazyke / G.V. Kolshanskiy. – M.: Nauka, 1990. – 103 s.
Kornilov O. A. Yazykovye kartiny mira kak proizvodstvennye natsional'nykh mentalitetov / O.A. Kornilov. – 2-e izd.: isp. i dop. – M: CheRo, 2003. – 349 s.
Krasnykh V. «Svoy» sredi «chuzhikh»: mif ili real'nost'?-M., 2003.
Lyapin S. Kh. Kontseptologiya: k stanovleniyu podkhoda // Kontsepty. Nauchnye trudy Tsentrokontsepta. Vyp. 1. Arkhangel'sk, 1977.
Maslova V. A. Lingvokul'turologiya: uchebnoe posobie dlya studentov vuzov / V.A. Maslova. – 3-e izd., ispr. – M.: Akademiya, 2007. – 208 c.
Novyy chastotnyy slovar' russkoy leksiki. O. N. Lyashevskaya, S. A. Sharov, Chastotnyy slovar' sovremennogo russkogo yazyka (na materialakh Natsional'nogo korpusa russkogo yazyka). M.: Azbukovnik, 2009.
Prikhod'ko, A. N. Kontsepty i kontseptosistemy / A.N. Prikhod'ko.

Abstract: The subject of the research is the means of lexical objectivization of the FROST concept in the Russian linguistic world view of the XIXth century. Selemeneva appeals to lexemes as linguistic signs of the mental phenomenon under research because means they give a full explication of the cognitive content of the communicatory relevant part of concepts. The aim of the research is to define the main cognitive signs of the FROST concept by analyzing the indivisible means of its representation in the Russian language. The research is based on data provided by the National Corpus of the Russian Language, in particular, about 1900 expressions that were taken by the researcher as examples. To systematize and describe the facts, the researcher has used the descriptive analytical and distributive methods, the method of contextual analysis and the method of linguo-cognitive analysis. The main results of the research are the following: 1) the FROST concept is represented in the Russian linguistic world view of the XIXth century as a combination of lexemes attributable to different parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, verbs, categories of state); 2) analysis of syntagmatic compatibility of defined lexemes allows to discover and describe 14 cognitive signs that form the macro-structure of the FROST concept; 3) in the concept, cognitive signs have different relations with one another (complementarity relations, independence relations, adversarial relations). The results of the research emphasize the importance of the FROST concept for the national consciousness with its many-level and rich content, the latter caused by the ambivalence of its nature as a result of preservation of archaic world perception in the Russian world view of the XIXth century. 

Keywords: lexeme, linguistic sign, Russian language, representation, picture of the world, the concept FROST, the conceptosphere NATURE, syntagmatic compatibility, the structure of the concept, cognitive sign

References:
Fisenko O. S. Kontsept groza v russkom yazykovom soznanii: avtoref. dis. ... kand. filol. nauk. Voronezh, 2005. 23 s.
Fisenko O. S. Kontsept groza v nauchnom soznanii nositeley russkogo yazyka // Lingvokontseptologiya. Vypusk 2. Voronezh: Istoki, 2009. S. 182–208.
Tikhonov A. N. Novyy slovoobrazovatel'nyy slovar' russkogo yazyka dlya vsekh, kto khochet byt' gramotnym. M.: AST, 2014. 639 s.
Tolstaya S. M. Semanticheskie kategorii yazyka kul'tury: Ocherki po slavyanskoy etnolingvistike. M.: Knizhnyy dom «LIBROKOM», 2011. 368 s.
Sternin I. A., Rozenfel'd M. Ya. Slovo i obraz. Monografiya / Pod red. I. A. Sternina. Voronezh: Istoki, 2008. 243 s.
Slovoobrazovatel'nyy slovar' sovremennogo russkogo yazyka / Pod red. O. A. Ul'yanovoy. M.: Adelant, 2013. 512 s.
Rudakova A. V. Kognitologiya i kognitivnaya lingvistika. Voronezh: Istoki, 2004. 80 s.
Selemeneva O. A. Kontsept «sostoyanie prirody» v russkom yazyke (na materiale khudozhestvennykh tekstov XIX – XX vekov). Elets: EGU im. I. A. Bunina, 2017. 135 s.
Rzhepyanskaya I. V. Russ

Abstract: The object of the research is the study of words of foreign origin with gradual semantics in modern Russian language. The subject of this research is the paradigmatic relations of borrowings with gradual semantics in modern Russian language. The author of the study identified and analyzed words of foreign origin with the relations of the degree synonymy and the relations of the degree antonymy. The aim of this research is to analyze the paradigm of borrowings with gradual semantics on the material of new borrowings of the late XX - early XXI centuries. In this work, the following methods are used: the method of linguistic description, the method of classification, the method of directional sampling, the method of component analysis. Borrowings with gradual semantics are regarded as an insufficiently studied subject in linguistics. The scientific novelty is due to the fact that at the first time borrowings with gradual semantics, taking into account their paradigmatic relations, are described in linguistics. Conclusions about the specifics of borrowings in general, and the graded semantics of borrowings, in particular, are made. 

Keywords: paradigmatics, new words, gradual semantics of borrowings, gradual sematics, graduality, loadwords, paradigmatic relations, antonymy, synonymy, a number of loanwords

References:
Efremova T. F. Novyy slovar' russkogo yazyka. Tolkovo-slovoobrazovatel'nyy [Elektronnyy resurs] : Sv. 136000 slovar. st., ok. 250000 semant. edinits : [V 2 t.] / T. F. Efremova. – M. : Rus. yaz., 2000. – 27 sm. – (Biblioteka slovarey russkogo yazyka : A).; ISBN 5-200-02800-0 URL: https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/efremova/155512/Gradual'nyy(data obrashcheniya 02.03.19)
Katlinskaya, L. P. Tolkovyy slovar' novykh slov i znacheniy russkogo yazyka : okolo 2000 slov [Tekst] : [slova, poyavivshiesya v russkom yazyke v kontse XX – nachale XXI veka, tolkovanie znacheniy, grammaticheskie formy, grammaticheskie i stilisticheskie pomety, slovoobrazovatel'nye gnezda, etimologicheskaya spravka u inoyazychnykh slov, russkie ekvivalenty inoyazychnykh slov, illyustratsii iz khudozhestvennoy i publitsisticheskoy literatury, tele– i radioperedach] / [L. P. Katlinskaya]. – Moskva : AST : Astrel', 2008. – 380c.
Kolesnikova, S. M. Gradual'nost': svyazi i otnosheniya v sisteme russkogo yazyka [Tekst] : monografiya / S.M. Kolesnikova. – M.: FLINTA, 2016. – 231 s.
Kol

Abstract: The object of the research is hypertextual (interactive) headlines of Russian Internet media resources (newsportals, Internet newspapers, aggregators). The subject of the research is information distortions that can be found in media online headlines. The author of the article examines such aspects of the topic as classification of information distortions and their influence on the perception of information by a recipient. The author focuses on the analysis of theoretical grounds for creating an effective headline in order to underline the discrepancy between established media practices and the situation of hypertextual headlines on Russian internet media resources. The methodology of the research implies contextual and functional semantic analysis of actual material (media online headlines) and at the same time analysis of media manipulations made by headlines that distort the content of a message. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author offers her own classification of information distortions that can be found in hypertextual headlines of Russian online media. The main conclusion of the research is the author's statement that there are two classes of information distortions (cognitive distortions and contextual semantic distortions) as well as kinds of distortions that refer to the aforesaid to classes. The author's special contribution to the topic is the development of a general direction for analysing media headlines in terms of information relevance. 
 

Keywords: effective headline, cognitive distortions, media manipulations, information distortion, headline, relevance, information, media text, relevance theory, information optimisation

References:
Wilson D., Sperber D. Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Oxford, 1995. 326 p.
Philo G. Active audiences and the construction of public knowledge // Journalism Studies. 2008. 9(4). P. 4535-544. doi:10.1080/14616700802114217
Van Dijk T. A. Opinions and ideologies in the press. In A. Bell & P. Garrett (Eds.), Approaches to media discourse. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell, 1998. P. 21–63.
Nir, R. A discourse analysis of news headlines // Hebrew Linguistics/ 1993. 37. P. 23–31.
Happer C., Philo G. The Role of the Media in the Construction of Public Belief and Social Change // Journal of Social and Political Psychology. 2013. URL https://jspp.psychopen.eu/article/view/96/37.
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Bell, A. The Language of News Media. Blackwel

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of a lexico-semantic field with the core 'EDUCATOR' in the English language. The author of the article focuses on the semantic organisation of the language lexical system and gives a definition of 'semantic field'. The object of the research is the basic vocabulary that consists of lexical units meaning 'educator', i.e. units united based on the semantic principle. In the course of the analysis the author discovers lexical units that have the semes meaning 'person' and 'teaching'. The author used the method of the component analysis that allowed the application of the quantitative analysis principle and the method of definition analysis to study vocabulary definitions of educator as a lexico-semantic unit. The results of analyzing constituents of the lexico-semantic field 'educator' in contemporary English demonstrate that all these words have a similar semantic meaning (archiseme) of 'sharing one's knowledge, skills or experience with others'. The author of the article also defines peculiarities of this lexico-semantic field structure and describes lexical units that comprise the core and the near and the far periphery. The author also states that in the English language the core lexeme creates a complex system with open borders. 

Keywords: far periphery, constituent, core, educator, semantic field, lexico-semantic system, field, near periphery, seme, archiseme

References:
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Gumbol'dt V. Izbrannye trudy po yaz

Abstract: The article reveals some structural-semantic peculiarities of the professional jargonisms frequently used by police officers. The analysis is carried out based on the material of the English, Russian and Ukrainian jargonisms extracted by the method of continuous selection from different printed and Internet sources. The thesis is substantiated that the use of professional jargonisms in the Russian legislature is conditioned by different external and internal factors. It is the sphere of juridical communication where the problem of the artificial substitution of terminological units, terminology by slang and jargon especially sharply arises. A complex method of the research has been used during the research, it includes the methods of contextual analysis, component analysis of the morphological structure of jargonisms, reconstruction of word-formative models of the lexical units in question, and quantitative processing of data. Some common and distinctive structural, morphological and word-formative peculiarities of lexical units of this class are singled out as a result of the comparative analysis of the juridical jargon in the English, Russian and Ukrainian languages. It is determined that in terms of their structure one- and two-component juridical jargonisms prevail. A large amount of multicomponent jargon units has some characteristics of phraseological units.

Keywords: semantic model, translation conformity, translation equivalent, terminological system, term, thematic group, juridical jargon, jargonism, jargon, metaphor

References:
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Zagraevskaya T. B. Areal'no-lokal'naya kharakteristika angloyazychnykh afroetnos

Abstract: The problem of English borrowings in the German language has grown especially important in recent decades as a result of globalization proceses and intense development of different aspects of language interaction. The article is devoted to the comprehensive research of the process of borrowing of English words by the German language. As a result of the analysis carried out, Zinchuk also tries to define the time periods when Anglicisms first appeared, to describe their role and place in the vocabulary of modern German, to create a classification of English borrowings and to understand the attitude of German society to this problem. The main purpose of the research is to analyze the advertising language and activity performed by organizations and public figures dealing with the issues of the integrity of the German language. The topic of borrowed foreign words have always provoked rough discussions in the society and academic community. The main question of these discussions has always been whether there is a real threat to the German language. In this article Zinchuk analyzes views of the researchers and progressive representatives of the German community on the problem of borrowed Anglicisms in German and concludes that some of them consider Anglicisms to be useful. In the present research Zinchuk analyzes peculiarities of the functioning of Anglicisms in the German language which allows to describe particular tendencies of linguistic changes. This is an important research in terms of studying the tendencies of the development of the language system at the end of the XXth - beginning of the XXIst centuries as well as peculiarities of the process of borrowing of English words by the German language. 

Keywords: borrowing, Anglicism (English loan word), public sentiment, purism, purism, society of the German language, language error, prohibition of Anglicisms, state regulation, advertising language

References:
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