Abstract: The subject of the study is the organization and activity of the Krasnoyarsk Mutual Fire Insurance Society. On the basis of the historical and genetic method, the reasons for the origin of the insurance business in the Yenisei province, the leading trends in its development during the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries, changes that occurred under the influence of the First World War are analyzed. The application of the historical-systematic method allowed the authors to determine the role and place of the city mutual insurance society in the emerging fire insurance system in one of the provincial centers of Eastern Siberia. The historical-comparative method made it possible to identify the differences between mutual insurance companies and joint-stock companies. The statistics of fires and the scale of losses from them grew in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. At the same time, a fire insurance system was being formed. A specific non–commercial form of insurance was mutual insurance (the main types are zemstvo and city), which arose due to the fact that the services of private insurance companies were inaccessible to a wide range of the population. In the Yenisei province , the only society of this type appeared only at the beginning of the XX century. Krasnoyarsk City Mutual Insurance Society for a short period of its existence could not significantly change the situation in the local insurance market, where the dominant position was occupied by branches of joint-stock insurance companies. Nevertheless, his activity has had a beneficial effect on the development of the insurance business in the city by reducing tariffs, supporting fire-fighting measures of the city authorities. The First World War carried the threat of loss of organizational and financial independence of mutual insurance companies, since the government became interested in the idea of introducing a state monopoly of fire insurance in order to compensate for the budget deficit.

Keywords: mutual insurance company, First World War, monopolization of the insurance business, Krasnoyarsk, Yenisei Province, fire society, provincial insurance, city administration, insurance company, fire insurance

References:
Adamova, L. A. (2015). Organization and activity of a society of mutual fire insurance in a provincial town of the last third of the 19th century. – early 20th century (on the example of Saratov). Information security of regions, 1(18), 71–75.
Equity fire insurance in Russia. 1827-1910. (1912). Saint Petersburg: Publication of the Tariff Department of Joint-Stock Insurance Companies (Bureau of Congresses of Representatives of Societies).
Bolshakova, D. A., & Petrovicheva, E. M. (2022). The practice of zemstvo insurance in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries (on the materials of the Vladimir and Ryazan provinces). Bulletin of the Vladimir State University named after Alexander Grigorievich and Nikolai Grigorievich Stoletovs. Series: Social and Human Sciences, 1(33), 5–11.
Borodin, A. N. (1912). Arson as one of the causes of fire disasters and the fight against this crime. Saint Petersburg: Printing house of I. Fleitman.
Vorob

Abstract: This article is devoted to the organization of the educational process in post-war Leningrad. This process is described as one of the factors of the rapid and sustainable recovery of urban industry in the second half of the 1940s. The blockade lasted for a long four years. The result of it was a massive destruction of the city. However, the main damage that Leningrad suffered and which significantly slowed down the process of its restoration was the mass death of people. The city is faced with an acute shortage of workers, primarily high-class professionals. The blockade caused huge damage to the material part of Leningrad universities. The elimination of this damage, carried out largely by the work of their employees, students and teachers, is one of the Great Pages of history. It was the combination of pedagogical and scientific thought that allowed many post-war profiles of industrial enterprises to appear. Students and young scientists actively contributed to the resumption of production of almost the entire range of pre-war products, as well as the development of new types of products, modern machines, machine tools, devices. As a result of the set of measures analyzed in this article, the Leningrad industry in terms of gross output reached the pre-war level in the late 1940s, and was able to exceed it by 1950.

Keywords: education, manufacture, research institutes, Leningrad universities, Academy of Sciences, restoration, science, industry, blockade, Leningrad

References:
Billik, V.I., Dzeniskevich, A.R., & Bashinskaya, I.A. (1970). Essays on the history of Leningrad 4 vols. T. 6: Leningrad during the period of completion of the construction of socialism and the gradual transition to communism. 1946-1965. Leningrad, Science.
Higher education in the USSR: Stat. collection. Center. stat. ex. under the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1960). Moscow, Gosstatizdat.
Galperin, M.Yu., Milshtein, A.L., & Rudin, M.G. (1959). Essay on the history of the Leningrad Komsomol organization. Order of Labor Red Banner Technol. Institute named after Lensoveta Leningrad, Lenizdat.
Koltsov, A.V. (1997) Leningrad institutions of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1934–1945. St. Petersburg, Nauka.
Koltsov, A.V. (1980). Essays on the history of the organization of science in Leningrad, 1703-1977. Leningrad, Science.
Krasnozhenova, E. E., Kulik, S. V., & Kulinok, S. V. (2020). Everyday life of Leningrad students during the occupati

Abstract: The article describes how and in what ways the largest religious group of the Russian Empire — the Old Believers – mastered the northern territory of the European part of Russia. The archives and materials of the well-known narodnik-religious scholar A. S. Prugavin (1850-1920) act as a source of information. In general, A. S. Prugavin's approach to the perception of the Old Believers did not differ from the traditional narodnik one, when this social community was considered a group ready for protest and struggle with the authorities, which only needed to be properly directed. But after being exiled to the European North (Arkhangelsk province), the researcher realized how much the intelligentsia and public figures were mistaken about the understanding of the common people, and changed his attitude to the Old Believers. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism and system analysis of available sources. In particular, the author considered the journalism of A.S. Prugavin through archival materials preserved in the personal fund. The peculiarity of A. S. Prugavin's approach was a global rather than selective immersion in the topic. The religious scholar not only developed a "Program for collecting information about religious movements in the Russian people," he followed it himself and called for a similar approach by others. He often personally contacted religious groups and received information through personal observations and subsequent correspondence with representatives of Old Believers and sectarianism. That is why the Old Believers were perceived not only as a group that was isolated on a spiritual basis, but also as a significant part of the Russian people. The religious scholar came to the conclusion that the socio-economic role of the Old Believers in the peasant environment (contribution to education and economic development) is underestimated, whereas this experience could become a model for the development of the northern village, in search of which there were representatives of various socio-political groups.

Keywords: public life, russian society, European North, religious groups, sectarianism, religious studies, Old Believers, Russian populism, The Russian Empire, Prugavin

References:
Prugavin A.S. (1881). The significance of sectarianism in Russian folk life, 1, 301-364.
Sazhin B.B. (2015). Attitude to Old Believers and religious sectarianism in revolutionary populism in the 70s of the XIX century. Old Believers: history and modernity, local traditions, Russian and foreign relations: collection of Ulan-Ude. (pp. 114-120).
Chernov V.M. (1953) Before the storm: memories. Moscow: International Relations.
Prugavin A.S. Schism and sectarianism in Russian folk life. Moscow: Printing house of I. D. Sytin.
Gordeeva I.A. (2020). "Small affairs" in the Russian communitarian movement. Krestyanovedenie, 5(2), 88-105.
Russian State Archive of Literature and Arts F. 2167. Op. 1. D. 67. (ðð. 113-118).
Prugavin A.S. (1884). Requests and manifestations of mental life in the split. Russian a thought, 1, 161-199.
Prugavin, A.S. (1889). Large peasant schools. [DX Reader version]. Retrieved from http://az.lib.ru/editors/p/prugawin_a_s/text_1889_01_krest_s

Abstract: The subject of the study is the government's activities aimed at eliminating the Razin movement at its final stage. The object of the study is the military actions of government troops against the rebels. The author examines in detail such aspects as: the personalities of the voivodes who participated in the suppression of S.T. Razin's rebellion, the situation in the regions of the Volga region and adjacent counties, the features of the final stage of the Razin "troubles", the reactions of neighboring countries to the events that took place in Russia in 1670-1671 and the conclusions drawn by the government of Alexei Mikhailovich. Special attention is paid to the defense of Simbirsk. Sheremetev and the siege of Astrakhan, the oath of the Don to Moscow, the reaction to the events of the "razinschina" of neighboring states, as well as the changes that occurred in the organization of military departments on the eve of the Russian-Turkish war (1672-1681), thanks to the conclusions made by the government of Alexei Mikhailovich. The methodological basis of the article is the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and consistency. Within the framework of the article, logical and historical-genetic methods were used. The main conclusions of the study are: immediately after the suppression of the uprising of S.T. Razin, the government resorted to an active process of optimizing and supplying troops, reflected in the reassignment of military units in departments; combat experience gained in battles with the rebels in autumn – winter 1670 and spring 1671. It had a positive effect on the effectiveness of government troops at the final stage of the Razin movement; thanks to the destruction of the anti-government part of the Don Cossacks, sympathy for Moscow strengthened on the Don, which contributed to the swearing in of the Don Cossacks to the tsar; closely monitoring the events of the next "turmoil" in Russia, the Crimean Khanate, in alliance with the Astrakhan and Nogai Tatars, planned to commit a major the raid that didn't take place.
A special contribution of the author to the writing of this article is the involvement of unpublished sources from the RGADA Foundation (F. 111).
The novelty of the study lies in a detailed examination of the fighting in the summer – autumn of 1671, which became possible by attracting an extensive source base, including archival; the conclusion that the uprising of Stepan Razin prompted the government to change the management of the Russian army; the emphasis on the close attention of neighboring states to the events of the Razin "troubles"

Keywords: army, Astrakhan, Simbirsk, Don, Razin, Cossacks, suppression, uprising, Sheremetev, Miloslavsky

References:
Kostomarov, N. I. (2017). Russian history in the biographies of its main figures. Complete edition in one volume. Moscow, Russia: Publishing house ALPHA – KNIGA.
Kostomarov, N. I. (1994). Stenka Razin’s revolt. Moscow, Russia: Charlie.
Soloviev, S. M. (2016). History from ancient times. Volume eleven. St. Petersburg, Russia: LLC Trade and Publishing House Amofra.
Popov, A. N. (1857). The history of Stenka Razin’s indignation. Moscow, Russia: Printing house of Alexander Semyon on Sofiyskaya street.
Klyuchevsky, V. O. (2021). Course of Russian history. Complete edition in one volume. Moscow, Russia: Publishing house ALPHA – KNIGA.
Lebedev, V. I. (1955). Peasant war under the leadership of Stepan Razin 1667-1671. Moscow, Russia: State Educational and Pedagogical Publishing House of the Ministry of Education of the USSR.
Chernyshev, E. I. (2020). Peoples of the Volga region in the peasant war under the leadership of S. Razin (1670

Abstract: the article analyzes the factors of socialization of children in the occupied territories of the Leningrad region in the period from 1941 to 1944. The author relies on the principles of objectivity and historicism. The author uses a systematic approach, general logical and special historical methods (synchronous method, contextual analysis method, historical and textual analysis method). The article notes that socialization is a complex and multifaceted process. This phenomenon can be investigated either through its results (for example, through the description of survival practices, learned specific behavioral tactics) and through the analysis of stories about subjective experiences associated with the process of socialization. The author concludes that socialization carried out in the occupied territories has a number of specific characteristics: instability, fragmentation, inconsistency. The reason for these characteristics is twofold. The first reason: the impact on the personality of the conflict between the desire for survival and the desire to preserve freedom and dignity. The second is the destruction of traditional social ties for this community. At the same time, the main factor in preserving pre-war socialization attitudes was the family.

Keywords: fear, hunger, education, children, everyday life, socialization, occupation, Leningrad region, Great Patriotic War, labor service

References:
Arkhipova, E. V. (2015). Stalingraders in Belaya Kalitva: child survival practices. The significance of the battles of 1941-1945 in the south of Russia in the Victory in the Great Patriotic War: materials of the All-Russian Scientific Conference (Rostov-on-Don, June 3-6, 2015). 192-199.
Vinogradov, À.Ì., Plager A. (Ed). (2005). The Battle of Leningrad in the destinies of the inhabitants of the city and region (memories of the defenders and residents of the city and the occupied territories). Saint-Petersburg, Russia: St. Petersburg University Press.
Buryak, E.M., & Svistova, N.V.  (2018). Organization of the functioning system of orphanages and special institutions in the city of Magnitogorsk during the Great Patriotic War. Humanitarian and pedagogical research, 4, 28-35.
Ivanova I.A. (Ed.). (2007). Behind the blockade ring: a collection of memories of residents of the Leningrad region during the German occupation, 1941-1944. Saint Peters

Abstract: The creation of the USSR state labor reserves in 1940 was accompanied by the formation of a specific socio-cultural environment, which remains practically unexplored to this day.The purpose of the article is to determine the structure and composition of behavioral practices as an element of the official and informal portrait of students of the state labor reserves.
The methodological basis of the research was the system of social actions by T. Parsons, the concepts of variability of everyday practices by A. Ludtke and the dichotomy "norm/anomaly" in Soviet everyday life by N.B. Lebina. The work used a synthesis of macro- and micro-approaches of historical research aimed at identifying behavioral practices of an individual, based on the analysis of various sources: legal acts, administrative and other official documents, personal documents.   The results of the study are: 1) identification and classification of students' behavioral practices based on the structure of social action (on individual acts, procedures and strategies of behavior), on the content of activity, frequency of application and attitude to public institutions; 2) development and description of a structural and functional model of behavioral practice containing control and correction functions (on the example of the practice of non-attendance of classes by students); 3) identification and substantiation of the features of behavioral practices from the point of view of markers of the socio-cultural portrait of students of labor reserves (interconnectedness, dynamism, dependence on the type of educational institution).
The results of the research can be used in the study of everyday life and socio-cultural portrait of students in the Soviet period.

Keywords: student subculture, factory-workshop schools, functional model, non-attendance, technical and vocational education, Sverdlovsk region, vocational schools, behavioral practices, sociocultural portrait, Labor Reserves

References:
Davydov, D. V., & Kozlova, O. V. (2022). Behavior practices of a “new woman” in the conditions of mass famine in early 1920s. Historical ethnology, 7(2), 213—220.
ZHuravlev, S. V. (2010). The history of everyday life is a new research program for national science. In Lyudtke, A. The History of Everyday Life in Germany: New Approaches to the Study of Labor, War and Power (p. 3-27). Moscow: ROSSPEN; GIIM.
Larionova, M. B., Zaglodina, T. A., & Razinkov,  S. L. (2023). Sociocultural markers as a basis for reconstructing the portrait of students in the State laboure reserves. Vocational education and labor market, 2, 65-80. doi:10.52944/PORT.2023.53.2.004
Lebina, N. B. (2015). Soviet everyday life: norms and anomalies. From War Communism to the grand style. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie.
Lyudtke, A. (2010). The History of Everyday Life in Germany