Abstract: The object of this research is the gravures of the engraver of Louis XIV Sebastien Leclerc (1637-1714), which represent the etchings from the medals of French kings of the XV-XVII centuries and particularly the time of Henry IV, reflecting the main trends of royal power during this period. Currently the gravures are preserved in the Municipal Library of Lyon. The subject of this research is the inner and outer criticism of the source that determined its significance for studying the image of power created during the reign of the first Bourbons. The main focus is made on the inner criticism of the source. Giving a brief characteristics to the etchings of medals, as well as the symbols and interpretation of the depicted events, the author comes to a conclusion that the gravures can fill the gaps in our vision of evolution of the representation of power, as a single place gathers the etchings of numerous and somewhat exclusive for a researcher medals. A brief analysis of the depicted in gravures medals allows concluding on the systematically conducted policy of popularization of the new royal Dynasty of Bourbons not only through opinion journalism, but also the artistic images created within the lifetime of Henry IV and after his decease, which subsequently predetermined the formation of myth about the “Good King Henry, as well as emphasize the importance of studying of such historical source as the medals and etchings, undeservingly neglected by the national researchers.

Keywords: critique of historical source, prints, medals, Sebastian Leclairñ, Louis XIV, Louis XIII, Maria Medici, Henry IV, France, XVI-XVII centuries

Abstract: The object of this research is some of Isaac Newton’s unpublished archival manuscripts from Yehuda Collection preserved in the National Library of Israel (Jerusalem), Keynes Archive in the King’s College of Cambridge University, and Archive of the Library of Martin Bodmer Foundaiton (Cologny, Switzerland). The subject of this research is the civilizational theory of Isaac Newton. The goal lies in apprehension of the place and role of prophecies in the history of human society from the perspective of Newton’s civilizational theory. Particular attention is given to examination of the role of Biblical prophecies within Newton’s historiography. Methodology includes approaches, principles and procedures of archival research and source study, historical hermeneutics, structural analysis, and comparative literary studies. The following conclusions were made:  1) Hermeneutics of prophecies is one of the central parts of Newton’s civilizational theory; prophecies and historical sources differ only with regards to time – prophecies become history at the moment of their accomplishment. 2) Newton believes that the entire global historical process is strictly predetermined by God’s will, since the creation of the world until the apocalyptic end of times; at the same time, prophecies are God’s voluntary revelation of facts about the forthcoming historical events. 3) The components of Newton’s hermeneutics of prophecies are described. 4) It is demonstrated that for Newton the heuristic value of Ancient Jewish and New Testament prophecies is much higher than the Antique and Ancient Eastern prophetic vision. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that the author is first to systematize Newton’s outlook upon the role of prophecies within the course of world history sporadically spread through a number of manuscripts that are currently preserved in the three archives.  

Keywords: antiquity, Bible, prophecies, world history, hermeneutics, civilisation theory, historiography, Isaac Newton, ancient world, ancient East

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the establishment of precise chronology of the second quarter of the V century in the history of Ancient Japan, as back in the XIX century it was founded out that the reign time of the first Yamato emperors was excessively extended. The researchers were able to determine the proper chronology of the second half of the IV – beginning of the V century; but the precise chronology of the first half of the V century until the middle of the V century, when Japan borrowed the Chinese calendar Yuan Xi Lie, which gave the more precise chronology. The comparison of records of the Chinese dynasty stories about five wangs of Japan in the V century with the records about the Yamato emperors of the same period in Japanese sources, allowed ascertaining time of the reign of the aforementioned monarchs. The author determines the reason of distortion of the Yamato chronology of the second quarter of the V century in “Nihon Shoki”, founded on the cyclic indication of the Korean sources “Baekje Shinchan” that applied the inaccurate cycle, which is 26 years behind times. In restoring the authentic cyclic indicators, considering its shift back to 26 years, the author attempts to reconstruct the chronology of the second quarter of the V century within the accuracy of the year of reign, lunar month and day of event.

Keywords: Nihon-shoki, Kojiki, reconstructed chronology, revision of ancient Japanese chronology, chronology of ancient Japan, Yamato, ancient Japan, Shinsen-shoji-roku, Samguk-sagi, Chinese dynastic histories

Abstract: Uriankhai Region is the last of the Russian lands that was formally accepted as a protectorate of the Russian Empire in 1914. Although the “Uriankhai Question”, namely the dispute between Russian, China and Mongolia over the territory and richness in natural resources, which emerged earlier, attracting the travelers from other countries, including Russian merchants and the scholars from the Russian Geographical Society. The goal of this article is todetermine the main stages, causes and difficulties of exploration of Uriankhai Region by the Russian Geographical Society, as well as the objectives that required meticulous examination of the historical landmarks via external description and comparison, as well as archeological excavations. This work reveals the questions of Russia-China relations with regards to Tuva; Russian-Tuvan trade and border question; feudal nature of social relations in Tuva; and the goals of the Russian Geographical Society associated with studying the natural and geographical conditions, as well as political situation of Tuva during this period. Since the end of the XIX and until the beginning of the X century, there has been more targeted attention aimed at research of the peoples of Siberia, particularly Tuvans, rather than for the previous 150 years. Since the establishment of the Russian Geographical Society, one of the priority task, besides studying the Siberian ethnic groups, became the exploration of particular Asian countries that were a matter of great practical and scientific interest.

Keywords: the Russian-Chinese relationship, peasant colonization, archaeological monument, social structure, trade expedition, Russian geographical society, border issue, Russian trade, feudalism, Urianhai region

Abstract: The subject of this research is the methodical, material and professional framework for advanced training and retraining of the administrative Komsomol apparatus. The author examines the factors that predetermined the need for organizing the regular training of Komsomol employees, form and scale of training of Komsomol apparatus at the various levels of executive hierarchy, and the content of educational programs. The article demonstrates the significance of the system of party education in the process of training Komsomol resources. Analyzing the level of general and political culture of Komsomol workers, the author gives assessment to viability of their theoretical self-training on the basis of the “History of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks): Short Course”. For the first time, from the perspective of modern science on the all-union materials, the article reveals the methods and practice of preparation of the regular and temporary Komsomol leaders during the Great Patriotic War. The necessity in the system of advanced training and retraining of Komsomol employees was dictated by the insufficient level of their overall and political education and lack of experience in the leading positions due to intense personnel turnover and high number of contenders. Training of Komsomol  workers was aimed at broadening of their political and overall range of view and acquisition of practical knowledge in production, information-propaganda and domestic activity. For much of the war period, the domestic system of education did not have a systemic maintenance and did not ensure due coverage of administrative employees. At the final stage of the war, it attained a systematic character. The focus on self-education of Komsomol resources, as the basic method of academic training, contributed to formalization of the domestic system of education of personnel.

Keywords: retraining, advanced training, rear, Great Patriotic war, personnel policy, management staff, Komsomol, courses, seminars, schools

Abstract: This article explores the first experiences of creating the new type of art – animation: since the first attempts to depict motion on the screen all the way to motion picture films that influenced the development of global cinematography. The work presents the experiments of Charles-Émile Reynaud, Émile Cohl, J. Stuart Blackton, Ladislav Starevich, and other pioneers of animation. The author describes the peculiarities of prerevolutionary Russian animation and its relation with the global animation. Comparative analysis allows tracing the link between the early animation films of the era of silent films with theatrical culture, as well as fair shows. The scientific novelty consists in comparison of the early animation with slapstick comedy, in the course of which the creator of animation piece personally presents it to the public. The drawn conclusions allow considering early animation as one of the types of technical trick experiment, which formed the basis for development of the new type of art.

Keywords: cinematography, fair performance, theatrical culture, commedia dell'arte, stop-motion animation, animated films, cartoon film, animation, Charles-Émile Reynaud, Ladislas Starevich

Abstract: The object of this research is the restoration of architectural heritage since the XIX century until the present day. The subject of this research is the development of restoration technique of architectural landmarks throughout the indicated timeframe, the records on which are described fragmentarily in scientific publications and require systematization. The application of historical-typological method in studying the evolution of restoration techniques and principles allowed determining the attributes inherent to each chronological period and substantiate the future development trends. This defines the scientific novelty of the article. The main conclusions consists in the logically structured scale of restoration techniques of the architectural landmarks, which is built on the basis of historical-chronological characteristic and considering the positions reflected in scientific publications. The authors also trace the correlation between the various restoration techniques, as well as formulate the concept of restoration of the objects of architectural heritage.

Keywords: empirical method, analytical method, architectural monument, conservation, cultural heritage, restoration technique, architectural heritage, synthetic method, holistic restoration method, anastiloz

Abstract: This article presents the first edition of the draft of autograph ecclesiastical report to the Ambassadorial decree of the Russian ambassador Arseny Sukhanov. The text contains first two author’s editions of the composition. Its correlation with the third edition is indicated, which protograph became the foundation for the manuscript tradition of the famous “The Debate on Faith with the Greeks”. The reforms of Patriarch Nikon of Moscow, who took the side of the Greeks –  opponents of Arseny Sukhanov, increased relevance of this composition. The publication demonstrates that in first part of the report, the ambassador pursued investigation of the insults of monarchic dignity due to burning Moscow books on Mount Athos, and forced the Greeks to withdraw accusation of the Russian Orthodoxy in heresy. In the second part, the ambassador defended the Russia’s sovereignty from the claims of the four Eastern patriarchs to oppress the Czar and the Patriarch of Moscow. Sukhanov explained that the head of the world Orthodoxy is the Orthodox czar. Same was in Rome, when Constantine the Great conferred on the Pope a white klobuk instead of the imperial fritillary. Sliding of the popes into heresy, made the chief in Orthodoxy the subordinated to them Patriarch of Constantinople, close to the pious czar. After the fall of Constantinople, the head of Orthodoxy became the Patriarch of Moscow  under the only Russian Orthodox czar. The Eastern patriarchies repeated the fate of the chosen by God, and them rejected by him Israel. They have never been, particularly due to the loss of piety, the “mentors of faith” for the Russian people. The post of the Pope was filled by the Patriarch of Moscow, and the position of Eastern patriarchs – by the four Russian metropolitan bishops. Such was the official position of the government of Moscow in 1650.

Keywords: Eastern Orthodox Church, Russian Orthodox Church, Mount Athos, Moscow Third Rome, Debate about faith, Arseny Sukhanov, Posolsky Prikaz, Russian Piety, Constantinople, New Rome

Abstract: The object of this research is the parish clergy of Minusinsky District of Yeniseysk Governorate. The subject is the participation of priests in fighting for the sober lifestyle of the parishioners. The goal of this article lies in examination of the most popular methods of battling with alcoholism in their congregation during the late XIX – early XX centuries. The author determines the role of temperance societies on reducing alcoholism among parishioners. Attention is given to the peculiarities of battling with alcohol intemperance among indigenous population of the district. Based on studying the materials of Yeniseysk eparchial departments, the author analyze the results of the priests’ activity. This topic becomes the subject of research for the first time, which defines the scientific novelty of the article. The conclusion is made on the importance of participation of parish clergy of the south of Yeniseysk Governorate in struggle for abstinence from alcohol among the parishioners of Minusinsky District, as well as underlines the causes of its insufficient effectiveness.

Keywords: the autochthonous population, parishioners, the Society of sobriety, parish priests, parish clergy, Minusinsk district, the parish, the Yenisei diocesan journal, The Yenisei province, the Yenisei diocese