Abstract: The article focuses on the problems associated with the need to express in the language of science in a consistent way the movement and various kinds of changes taking place in the objective world by developing logics that would be tolerant of logical contradictions. The paper presents a brief history of the creation of paraconsistent (paraconsistent) logics, in which logical contradictions turned out to be quite permissible. It is noted that the priority in their development belongs to Russian scientists N. A. Vasiliev and I. E. Orlov, as well as Polish philosophers and logicians Y. Lukasevich and S. Yaskovsky; that since the seventies of the last century, the development of paraconsistent logics has assumed an international character; that interest in these logics is not abating at the present time. The possibilities of using paraconsistent logics presented in the works of foreign and domestic philosophers and logicians for the formalization of dialectics are discussed. The positive role of these logics is shown in solving many paradoxes in the foundations of classical propositional calculation and predicate logic, as well as in order to limit undesirable consequences when using IT technologies related to the processing of inconsistent or contradictory information. It is concluded that the use of paranoherent logics in the construction of models of individual fragments of dialectics contributes to its development as logic and as ontology, and indicates that the apparatus of non-classical logics as a whole is a very powerful means of studying and explaining many problems of theoretical cognition.

Keywords: para-contradictory logic, para-consistency, paradox, science, logic of change, relevant logic, dialectical temporal logic, dialectics, logical contradiction, objective contradiction

References:
Quesada, F.M. (1989). Paraconsistent Logic: Some Philosophical Issues. In: Priest G., Roytley R., Norman J. (Eds.): Paraconsistent Logic. Essays on The Incosistent (pp. 627-652). München-Hamden-Wiеn.
Vasiliev, N.A. (1989). Imaginary logic. Selected works. Moscow: Nauka.
Kolmogorov, A. N. (1925). O princzipe tertium non datur. Matem. sb., 32:4, 646–667.
Anderson, Alan Ross, Nuel, D., Belnap & J. Michael Dunn. (1992). Entailment: The Logic of Relevance and Necessity. Vol. 2. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Kvartalova, N. L. (2004). O sootnoshenii terminov "relevantnost" i "paraneprotivorechivost". Filosofskiye issledovaniya, 1.
Lobovikov, V.O. (2019). Mathematical model of "dialectical logic" and relatively autonomous cognizing robots. Antinomies, 19(1), 29-48.
Paraconsistent Logic. Retrieved from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-paraconsistent/
Da Costa, N. &

Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of the problem of increasing the reliability of modeling of cognitive systems, to which the authors refer not only human intelligence, but also artificial intelligence systems, as well as intelligent control systems for production, technological processes and complex equipment. It is shown that the use of cognitive systems for solving control problems causes very high rapidity requirements for them. These requirements combined with the necessity to simplify modeling methods as the modeling object becomes more complex determine the choice of an approach to modeling cognitive systems. Models should be based on the use of simple algorithms in the form of trend detection, correlation, as well as (for solving intellectual problems) on the use of algorithms based on the application of various patterns of forms and laws. In addition, the models should be decentralized. An adequate representation of decentralized systems formed from a large number of autonomous elements can be formed within the framework of agent-based models. For cognitive systems, two models are the most elaborated: actor and reactor models. Actor models of cognitive systems have two possible realizations: as an instrumental model or as a simulation. Both implementations have the right to exist, but the possibilities of realizing a reliable description when using the tool model are higher, because it provides incommensurably higher rapidity, and also assumes variability of the modeled reality. The actor model can be realized by means of a large number of existing programming languages. The solution to the problem of creating simulative actor models is available in most languages that work with actors. Realization of instrumental actor models requires rapidity, which is unattainable in imperative programming. In this case, the optimal solution is to use actor metaprogramming. Such programming is realizable in many existing languages.

Keywords: actor, decentralization, patterns, trends, modeling, rapidity, reliability, control, cognitive system, metaprogramming

References:
Philosophy: Encyclopedic Dictionary. (2004). Edited by A.A. Ivin. Moscow: Gardariki.
Mikryukov, A.A. (2018). Cognitive technologies in decision support systems in the digital economy. Innovations and Investments, 6, 127-131.
Zelenskiy, A.A., & Gribkov, A.A. (2023). Ontological aspects of the problem of realizability of management of complex systems. Philosophical Thought, 12, 21-31.
Gribkov, A.A. (2023). Empirical-metaphysical approach to the construction of the general theory of systems. Society: Philosophy, History, Culture, 4, 14-21.
Gribkov, A.A. (2023). Definition of secondary laws and properties of objects in the general theory of systems. Part 1. Methodological Approach on the Basis of Object Classification. Context and Reflexion: Philosophy about the World and Man, 12(5-6A), 17-30.
Zadeh, L.A. (1976). The concept of linguistic variable and its application to approximate decision making. Moscow: Mir.
Gribkov, A.A. (2023). Def

Abstract: The subject of the study is the scientific and religious aspects of the anthropological determinism of the philosophical works of A.L. Chizhevsky, the object is the deterministic views of the cosmist on man. The author examines in detail the "dialectical" anthropological determinism compatible with the freedom of human will of the "Basic principle of the universe" and the roughly deterministic approach to man of the "Electronic Theory and genesis of forms". Special attention is paid to the study of the question concerning the validity of both types of deterministic views in the context of global evolutionism, as well as Christianity and Vedantist ideas about the "cosmic game" correlated with the phenomenon of cosmic consciousness. The purpose of the work is to explicate the question of the peculiarities of the correlation of scientific and religious worldviews in Russian cosmism, based on which it is possible to identify the grounds for a productive dialogue between science and religion.  The following methods were used: analysis of textual sources (including manuscripts of the 1703 fund of the Archive of the Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation), comparative analysis, analysis, synthesis, generalization, induction and deduction, historical method. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the identification of two varieties of anthropological determinism characterizing the philosophical works of A.L. Chizhevsky, and the study of their compliance with scientific and religious views. The main conclusions of the study are the following judgments: 1) "dialectical" anthropological determinism seems legitimate, in contrast to the roughly deterministic approach to man; 2) an assessment of the correspondence of the two mentioned varieties of anthropological determinism to scientific and religious views allows us to draw the same conclusion about their legality. A similar vision of a complex phenomenon in scientific and religious discourses indicates the presence of points of contact between them. The similarities and differences between science and religion should become the basis for solving the urgent problem of building a constructive dialogue between these forms of human culture.

Keywords: The anthropic principle, religion, the science, evolution, human, free will, determinism, Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky, synergetics, cosmic consciousness

References:
Zvonova, E.E. & Naumov, A.V. (2022). About the reason to study a.l. chizhevsky's anthropological determinism in connection with the idea of active evolution. Sociology, 2, 318-323.
Sachkov, Yu.V. Determinism. Retrieved December 25, 002, from https://iphlib.ru/library/collection/newphilenc/document/HASH0140b45532a2c2c9ae35a140
Zvonova, E.E. (2022). Christian and "promethean" anthropologies: contradiction or essential identity? Medicine. Sociology. Philosophy. Applied Research, 2, 84-89.
Zvonova, E.E. (2022). Human metaphysics in the philosophical and scientific works of A. L. Chizhevsky. Russian cosmism: N. F. Fedorov, K. E. Tsiolkovsky, V. I. Vernadsky, A. L. Chizhevsky, 649-661.
Chizhevsky, A.L. (1997). The main beginning of the universe. Spiritual contemplation, 1(2), 105-136.
Chizhevsky, A.L. (1997). The main beginning of the universe. Spiritual contemplation, 3(4), 85-113.
Zakharov, M.L. (2022). «Chaos hits our shore

Abstract: The aim of the research is to study the relationship between logic and mathematics in the structure of axiomatized and formalized scientific theories. The object of the study is the explication of this connection and its explanation. The subject of the study is syntactic and semantic views on the structure of scientific theories, the relationship between logic and mathematics has not been studied in detail in them. In the syntactic view, the structure of the theory is understood as a linguistic construct build from various logical propositions of the theoretical level, correspondence propositions and observation propositions. The structure of the theory does not take into account the variety of model representations of the theory that generate a variety of language constructs. The semantic view overcomes this disadvantage, and in it the structure of the theory is presented as a hierarchy of models: from axioms to theoretical-level models, experimental models and data models. The structure of the theory, the connection of logic and mathematics were studied using comparative analysis, methods of interpretive analysis and reconstruction of scientific theories. The methods made it possible to explicate mathematical concepts in the structure of the theory and correlate them with logic and natural language. Comparative analysis has shown that in the syntactic view, the connection between logic and mathematics lies in the fact that mathematical concepts of physics are interpreted in the language of logic of first-order predicates with equality. The connection between mathematical concepts is provided by the axiomatic method, which serves as a means of formalizing concepts. Mathematics comes down to logic. In the semantic approach, in order to identify the connection between mathematics and logic, it was necessary to reconstruct the structure of non-relativistic quantum mechanics. With the help of the set-theoretic predicate of Suppes, its axioms were determined, the connection between mathematical structures, postulates of the theory, axioms, and observable quantities was established. Logic and mathematics are related to each other in such a way that metamathematics or linguistics is a part of mathematics. Mathematics includes set theory and model theory, i.e. mathematical logic. The connection of mathematical formalisms with phenomena and with natural language remains problematic, and there is this drawback in the syntactic approach. The novelty lies in the fact that the research contributes to the methodology and logic of science, to the explanation of the connection between logic and mathematics in scientific theory, which was illustrated by various examples from various fields of physics.

Keywords: structure of the theory, formalization, the axiomatic method, logic, mathematics, semantic view, syntactic view, methodology of science, set-theoretic predicate, model

References:
Weisberg, M. (2013) Simulation and Similarity: Using Models to Understand the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tanona, S. (2002) Idealization and formalism in Bohr's approach to quantum theory. Philosophy of Science, 71(5), 683-695. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/425233
Newton, I. (2020) Opticks, or, a treatise of the reflections, refractions, inflections colours of light. Alexandria: Library of Alexandria.
Hilbert, D. (1967). From Frege to Godel: A Source Book in the Mathematical Logic. Harvard: Harvard University Press.
Beklemishev, L. D. (2019). Mathematics and Logic. L. D. Beklemishev. Mathematical component. edited by N. N. Andreev and [others], 242–261. M: Mathematical studies.
Hempel, C. (1958). The Theoretician’s Dilemma. Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2, 37–98.
Reichenbach, H. (1938). Experience and Prediction: An Analysis of the Foundations and the Structure of Knowledge. Chic

Abstract: The subject of the study is the phenomenon of reflection in the structure of the mechanisms of scientific cognition. The results of studying the phenomenon obtained within the framework of Russian philosophy in different periods of its development – the Soviet and modern stages - are compared. Attention is drawn to the fundamental nature of the research results of scientific reflection obtained during the Soviet period of philosophy development. In the philosophy of that period, the concept of reflection was proposed, which remained outside the field of view of modern research. A feature of the subject of the Soviet concept is the identification of two aspects of scientific reflection – the relationship between reflection and rationality, as well as the relationship between the meaning-setting and meaning-revealing functions of reflection. The subject of modern domestic research is influenced by the Western tradition. Its characteristic feature is the isolation of reflexive thinking on oneself or, in Soviet terminology, the reduction of scientific reflection to a semantic function. The research method is a dialectical-materialistic approach. The peculiarity of the study is the use of internal contradictions of reflection. The novelty of the work is characterized by the application of the results of Soviet dialectical-materialistic research to modern analysis. It is shown that the modern discussion of this problem is in a dialectical context, constituted by the framework of interrelated opposites. The idea is expressed that the dialectical-materialistic approach continues to be fundamental and is an adequate method of considering reflection. In particular, the dialectical-materialistic methodology will contribute to overcoming, in the words of one of the modern researchers, the "epistemological impasse" with which he characterizes the results of modern study. The conclusion is made about the need to resume dialectical research.

Keywords: neopositivism, postpositivism, rationality, meaning - setting function of reflection, semantic function of reflection, reflection, strong STS program, dialectical-materialistic approach, philosophy of science, Russian philosophy

References:
Yudin, B.G. (1986). Methodological Analysis of Science as a Direction of Science Studies. Moscow: Nauka.
Ogurtsov, A.P. (1987). Alternative Models of Analysing Consciousness: Reflexion and Understanding. In "Problems of Reflexion: Modern Complex Research". Novosibirsk: Nauka, 13-19.
Shvyrev, V.S. (1988). Analysis of Scientific Cognition: Main Directions, Forms, Problems. Moscow: Nauka.
Bazhanov, V.A. (1991). Science as a Self-Reflexive System. Kazan: KGU.
Bazhanov, V.A. (2022). On the Analysis of the Reflexion in Science in the Russian Philosophy, and the STS Strong Program. Epistemology and Philosophy of Science, 59(4), 31-37.
Sverguzov, A.T. (2023). Philosophy of Science: Dialectics of the Phenomenon of Reflection. In "Actual Problems of Analytical Epistemology: Collection of Articles of the All-Russian Scientific Conference", scientific editors and compilers V.A. Bazhanov, N.G. Baranec. Ul'yanovsk: UlGU, 44-49.
BonJour, L., & So

Abstract: The article explores some possible ways of interaction between philosophy and the specific cognitive scientific disciplines: psychology, neurosciences, artificial intelligence, linguistics, and anthropology. The author draws on V.A. Lektorsky’s idea of the dialogue between philosophy and the cognitive sciences. Philosophy and the cognitive sciences engage in a productive dialogue in which their mutual enrichment, the strengthening or weakening of certain scientific or philosophical theories, and theoretical progress can occur. On the one hand, it is asserted that philosophy can have the greatest impact on the development of the cognitive sciences in the way of clarifying problems of the philosophy of science. These problems encompass the problem of the theoretical progress of cognitive studies, the problem of the nature of individual cognitivist theories (as well as the nature of groups of individual theories such as connectionism, predictive processing, etc.), the problem of the relationship of cognitive disciplines to each other, and more. In addition, philosophers can contribute to discussions concerning the foundations of the cognitive sciences and their key concepts of representation and computation. They can also play a significant role in assessing the ethical implications of the emergence of new cognitive technologies and neurotechnologies. On the other hand, the specific cognitive disciplines can provide new insights into traditional philosophical issues, like the problem of consciousness and the brain, the problem of free will, and enrich the philosophy of science with novel empirical data.

Keywords: representation, dialogue, practices, the problem of theoretical progress, theoretical complexes, cognitive sciences, philosophy of science, computation, cognitive technologies, neurotechnologies

References:
Dennett, D. C. (2009). The part of cognitive science that is philosophy. Topics in Cognitive Science, 1(2), 231-236. doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-8765.2009.01015.x
Thagard, P. (2009). Why Cognitive Science Needs Philosophy and Vice Versa. Topics in Cognitive Science, 1(2), 237-254. doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-8765.2009.01016.x
Lektorsky, V. A. (2021). Philosophy Facing Cognitive Studies. Voprosy Filosofii, 10, 5-17. doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2021-10-5-17
Van Fraassen, B. C. (1980). The scientific image. Oxford University Press.
Kuhn, T. (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. doi.org/10.1093/0198244274.001.0001
Feyerabend, P. (1970). Consolations for the Specialist. In;I. Lakatos & A. Musgrave (Eds.), Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge: Proceedings of the International Colloquium in the Philosophy of Science, London, 1965